Democracy%20Movements

1
Democracy Movements

• Rebellious intellectuals

2
Chinese intellectuals

• Confucian literati
• Defining and maintaining moral norms for the
  political leadership as well as for the
  population at large
• De facto autonomy in academia, arts, and popular
  culture, as long as they dont challenge the
  leadership or the authority

3
Political-intellectual alliance

• A student of Confucius One who studies well
  becomes an official
• Advisors and spokespersons for the political
  leadership
• High positions in government, academia, the
  media, and the cultural sphere

4
In the Peoples Republic

• Mao Zedong severed the traditional style of
  cooperation between the intellectuals and the
  government
• Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin resumed the
  tradition
• Party leaders patronized different groups of
  intellectuals

5
Democracy Wall (1978-79)
6
Democracy Wall (1978-79)

• Big-character poster was introduced into the
  state constitution during the Cultural Revolution
• Deng Xiaoping publicly approved many of the
  demands for reversal of verdicts posted on
  Democracy Wall and published in unofficial
  journals

7
Wei Jingshengs posters

• Fifth modernization democracy
• The hated old political system has not changed
• Are not the people justified in seizing power
  from the overlords?
• Do we want democracy or new dictatorship?

8
Four cardinal principles

• In 1979, Deng Xiaoping set the boundary of
  political participation.
• Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought
• Socialist road
• People's democratic dictatorship
• Leadership by the Communist Party

9
Wei Jingsheng in U.S.
10
Student movement of 1986-87

• From December 1986 to January 1987, thousands of
  college students in Shanghai, Beijing, and other
  cities protested
• No coherent focus of demands
• General Secretary Hu Yaobang was removed from
  power in 1987

11
Tiananmen, 1989
12
Zhao Ziyang, 1989
13
Factors for re-stabilization

• Decade of economic reform
• Communist Party discipline
• Military loyalty
• Absence of civil society
• Schisms within student movement
• Student disdain for working class

14
Patronized intellectuals

• At different times, different political leaders
  patronized different groups of intellectuals
• Reformists
• Neo-authoritarianism
• Neo-conservatives

15
Multi-dimension
nationalist
conservative
reformist
16
Neo-authoritarianism

• Emphasis on economic modernization modeled on the
  four little tigers of East Asia
• A strong authoritarian regime guides rapid market
  reforms, economic decentralization, and the
  nurturing of a middle class

17
Older and neo-conservatives

• Re-institute more centralized controls over the
  economy and intellectual life
• Reverse the trend of opening up to the outside
  world
• Oppose the recruitment of private entrepreneurs
  into the Party

18
Intellectuals and the state

• Remonstrate with leaders to change their
  political ways
• Seek to join the political establishment
• Vanguard that speaks for others and tell the
  truth
• Reject political patronage
• Lack broad social basis