The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution

• Chapter 22
• Section 1
• Pages 545-550

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Main Idea

• In the mid 1500s, scientists began to question
  accepted beliefs and make new theories based on
  experimentation.
• Scientists questioning led to the development of
  the scientific method still in use today.

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Terms and Names

• Scientific Revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Heliocentric theory
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei
• Scientific method
• Francis Bacon
• René Descartes
• Isaac Newton

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The Roots of Modern Science

• Before 1500, scholars referred to
• The Greeks
• The Romans
• The Bible
• Aristotle was seen as the ultimate authority in
  many areas.

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Aristotle

• 4 Elements
• Objects move in straight lines
• Specific Gravity
• Earth down, fire up
• Heavens move in perfect circle
• Aither/ether
• Unchanging
• Heavier objects fall faster

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The Medieval View

• Geocentric Theory The earth is a fixed object in
  the center of the universe.
• This idea was shared by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and
  contemporary Christian doctrine.

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Ptolemy
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Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Met in response to the Reformation
• Also charged with revising the Calendar
• Calendar based on lunar cycles with intercalary
  months
• 19-year cycle
• Did not correspond with Jewish lunar calendar
• In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII determined Oct. 4 was
  to be followed by Oct. 15
• Heres why. . .

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A New Way of Thinking

• The Scientific Revolution involved careful
  observation and a willingness to question
  accepted beliefs.

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The Scientific Revolution

• Adds to the sense that humans can know
• Suggests Humans are perfectible
• Reverses Thomas Aquinas formulation on the
  compatibility of science and religion
• Moves reason scientific method into social realm

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Medieval universities add courses in astronomy,
physics, and mathematics based on translated
works from Muslim scholars.
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• Renaissance scholars discover classical
  manuscripts.
• The printing press speeds up the spread of the
  worlds knowledge.

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Age of Exploration Fuels Research

• Navigators need new instruments.
• New discoveries dont always agree with accepted
  beliefs.

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Heliocentric Theory
• The sun is at the center of the universe.

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Heliocentric Model
Aristarchus of Samos (310?-250? BC) Greek
astronomer The first to assert that the earth
revolves around the sun.
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Nicolaus Copernicus

• Studies stars and planets for over 25 years.
• Develops the heliocentric view.
• Did not publish his findings until the year of
  his death. (1543)

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Tycho Brahe

• Danish astronomer.
• Records more information to support the
  heliocentric theory.

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Tycho Crater on the moon.
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Johannes Kepler

• Brahes assistant
• Mathematical laws apply to the orbits of planets.
• Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical
  orbits.

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Galileo Galilei

• Falling objects accelerate at a fixed and
  predictable rate.
• Disproved Aristotles theory that heavier objects
  fall faster than lighter ones.
• Improved the telescope.
• Discovered the moons of Jupiter.
• Supported the heliocentric theory.

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Conflict With the Church

• Galileo publishes works supporting Copernicus and
  Ptolemy.
• Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition.
  (1633)
• Forced to recant his published work.

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But it does move..

• Pope Paul V

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Pope John Paul II
Oooops!!!Sorry Dude!!

• On October 31, 1992, the Pope officially
  apologized to Galileo and admitted he was right.

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The Scientific Method

• Begins with a problem or question arising from an
  observation.
• A hypothesis is then formed.
• The hypothesis is then tested.
• The data is interpreted.
• The conclusion supports or disproves the
  hypothesis.

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Francis Bacon

• Criticized how Aristotle and others reasoned from
  abstract theories.
• Scientists should observe the world first, then
  draw conclusions.
• Empiricism or the experimental method.

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René Descartes

• Developed analytical geometry, which linked
  algebra and geometry.
• Used mathematics and logic instead of
  experimentation.
• Everything should be doubted until proven by
  reason.
• I think, therefore I am.

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Isaac Newton

• Law of universal gravitation all object in the
  universe attracts every other object.
• Degree of attraction depends on mass.
• Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
• God is like a clockmaker who set the universe
  moving.

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Newtons Telescope
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Newton is said to have developed his theory of
gravity after watching an apple fall from a tree.
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Newtons Death Mask
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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Scientific Instruments
• Medicine and the Human Body

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Zacharias Janssen Microscope
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Anton van Leeuwenhoeck

• Used microscope to see bacteria, red blood cells,
  immature insects.

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Evangelista Torricelli

• Mercury barometer.

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Gabriel Fahrenheit

• Mercury thermometer.
• Water freezes at 32

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Anders Celsius

• New scale for the mercury thermometer.
• Water freezes at 0.

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Andreas Vesalius

• Dissected human corpses.
• Proved Galen was wrong (Swine anatomy is very
  different from human).

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William Harvey

• Showed the heart as a pump that circulates blood
  through the body.
• Described the function of blood vessels.

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Edward Jenner

• Smallpox vaccine

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Robert Boyle

• Founder of modern chemistry.
• Matter is made up of smaller primary particles.
• Boyle Law - explains how volume, temperature,
  and gas pressure affect each other.

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Joseph Priestley

• Separated oxygen from air.

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Antoine Lavoisier

• Identified and named oxygen.

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