Challenging Segregation

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Chapter 29

• Section 2
• Challenging Segregation

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The Sit-In Movement

• 1960 4 A.A. staged a sit-in at a Woolworths
  whites only lunch counter.

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SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Ella Baker executive director of SCLC, urged
  students to create their own agency.
• They formed the SNCC.
• Early leaders were Marion Barry John Lewis.

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Marion Barry John Lewis
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Robert Moses

• From New York, pointed out that most of the
  movement was focused on urban areas.

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SNCC ctd

• When they went south, they were threatened and
  others were beaten.
• 1964 3 were killed when trying to register
  others to vote.
• Fannie Lou Hamer arrested after encouraging
  A.A. to vote.
• Later helped organize the Miss. Freedom Dem.
  Party.

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Fannie Lou Hamer
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The Freedom Riders

• 1961 CORE leader James Farmer asked teams to
  travel into the South to integrate bus terminals.
• Violence erupted in Alabama, making national news
  and shocking Americans.
• JFK tried to control the violence.

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Freedom Riders
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JFK Civil Rights

• JFK supported the C.R.M. during his campaign in
  1960.
• In office he was cautious because he needed
  Congress to pass other programs.

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JFK Robert Kennedy

• JFK Robert Kennedy actively supported the CRM.
• Robert helped A.A. register to vote in South.

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JFK Civil Rights

• Violence broke out in Montgomery JFK urged the
  Freedom Riders to stop for cooling off.
• He struck a deal with Sen. James Eastland (Miss).
• Sen. Stopped the violence, JFK agreed not to
  object to police arresting the Riders.

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JFK Civil Rights

• CORE used all their funds to bail the riders out
  of jail.
• T. Marshall offered the use of NAACPs Legal
  Defense Fund.
• By 1962 segregation on interstate travel had
  ended.

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James Meredith

• 1962 - Tried to register at U of Miss.
• Gov. blocked his path.
• JFK ordered 500 fed. marshals to escort Meredith
  on campus.
• Riot broke out.
• 160 marshals wounded.
• Meredith stayed graduated.

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Violence in Birmingham

• King was frustrated that foreign policy was the
  main priority of JFK.
• King agreed to hold demonstrations in Bham
  knowing violence would probably break out.
• Spring 1963 Bull Connor arranged the attack of
  the Freedom Riders and had King arrested.

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Bull Connor
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Violence in Birmingham

• JFK ordered his aides to prepare a civil rights
  bill after the events in Bham were seen on t.v.
  by the nation.
• King wrote Letter From a Birmingham Jail at
  this time.

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Letter From a Birmingham Jail

• You express a great deal of anxiety over our
  willingness to break lawsOne mayask "How
  can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying
  others? The answer lies in the fact that there
  are two types of laws just and unjust One has
  not only a legal but a moral responsibility to
  obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral
  responsibility to disobey unjust laws

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• After Wallace blocked the entrance of 2 A.A.
  students at UA JFK appeared on t.v. to announce
  his civil rights bill.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Aug. 28, 1963, King led 200,000 demonstrators to
  D.C. to stage a peaceful rally.
• Bill could easily pass the House, but found
  problems in Senate.
• Senate used a filibuster to stall the bill.
• JFK killed, Johnson committed himself to get the
  civil rights bill through.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Gave federal government broad power to stop
  racial discrimination in the segregation of
  public places, to bring lawsuits to end school
  segregation, and to require employers to end
  discrimination in the workplace.
• Also established the Equal Employment Opportunity
  Commission (EEOC)

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The Struggle for Voting Rights

• CRA of 64 did little for the right to vote.
• King decided it was time for another protest.
  (Selma, AL)
• March headed toward Montgomery. Sheriff Clark
  ordered 200 state troopers deputized citizens
  to rush the demonstrators.
• Became known as Bloody Sunday, was seen on t.v.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Aug 4, 1965 bill passes Senate.
• Gave the attorney general the right to send fed
  examiners to register qualified voters.
• Resulted in 250,000 new A.A. voters an increase
  in A.A. elected officials in the South.

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End of Sec 2

• Next- Sec 3 New Issues