Chapter 29, Section 1 Taking on Segregation

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Chapter 29, Section 1Taking on Segregation

• Chapter 29
• Mrs. DAvria
• Spring 2006

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Challenging Segregation in Court

• In the 1930s, Charles Hamilton Houston began
  using a new legal strategy for the NAACP by
  addressing the inequality between separate
  schooling.

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Challenging Segregation in Court

• In 1938, Houston placed Thurgood Marshall as
  head of the legal team. It would be under
  Marshall that the NAACP would win 29 out of 32
  cases.

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Challenging Segregation in Court

• The most well-known victory for Marshall was the
  case, Brown v. Board of Education. The decision
  by the Supreme Court declared segregation in
  schools is unconstitutional.

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Challenging Segregation in Court
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Reaction to the Brown Decision

• Within a year after the landmark ruling, 500
  school districts had desegregated, but in many
  places the process was moving slowly.

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Reaction to the Brown Decision

• The Supreme Court handed down a second ruling to
  the Brown II case when it ordered district courts
  to oversee school desegregation.

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Reaction to the Brown Decision

• In Little Rock, Arkansas, superintendent Virgil
  Blossom began the school desegregation process
  when he admitted nine African Americans into
  Central High School. Governor Orval Faubus
  ordered the National Guard to turn these students
  away from the school.

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Reaction to the Brown Decision
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Reaction to the Brown Decision

• Eight of the nine students made it to school
  safely that first morning, however, Elizabeth
  Eckford encountered an abusive crowd on her way.
  
• The incident forced President Eisenhower to act.
  He called the National Guard to make sure the
  students made it to school.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat to
  a white man on a bus. She was arrested and
  shortly after, the Montgomery bus boycott began
  under the leadership of Jo Anne Robinson and E.D.
  Nixon.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Soon, the Montgomery Improvement Association was
  organized and 26-year old Dr. Martin Luther King
  Jr. was placed to lead the group.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride
  the buses in Montgomery. Finally, the Supreme
  Court outlawed bus segregation in 1956.

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Dr. King and the SCLC

• King called his nonviolent resistance, soul
  force. Even after violent attacks against
  blacks increased after the Brown decision, King
  still used peaceful strategies.

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Dr. King and the SCLC

• In 1957, King along with 100 others founded the
  Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
  with the aim of using protests and demonstrations
  to undo the evils of discrimination.

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Dr. King and the SCLC

• One SCLC leader, Ella Baker helped students in
  college form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
  Committee (SNCC).

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The Movement Spreads

• One popular form of demonstrating of SNCC was to
  stage a sit-in, in which African American
  protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters
  until they were served.