Civil War to Segregation Reconstruction

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Civil War to Segregation(Reconstruction)

• End of 1800s
• Beginning of 1900s

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In Result of the Civil War

• Land laid to waste
• Veterans were tired and hungry
• Economy in disarray
• Roads, Bridges, and Railroads Destroyed
• Farmers lost enslaved workers
• Political Systems in panic
• No Courts, Judges, Sheriffs, or Police

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Reconstruction Rebuilding

• Both armies suffered great casualties
• Civil War most American deaths in any war
• WWII most overall deaths
• Lincoln legally ended slavery
• African Americans gained new rights
• Slave holders must replace a large labor force
  farming in the south would suffer
• Protest groups (violent and non-violent) would
  begin protesting the new African American rights
  and freedom

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Reconstruction Concerns

• Can the states be united?
• Can black and white Americans live together
  peacefully?
• Who will run the country?
• How can these new changes be enforced?

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Change for African Americans

• African Americans start using surnames (last
  names)
• Churches start forming in African American
  culture
• Schools grow within African American communities
• Political Meetings held at churches and schools
• Begin to work for wages
• Could work where they please

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Former Slaves

• Difficult to move and find jobs
• Many would return to southern plantations
• Worked for food, housing, and small cash
• Tenant Farmers
• Rent land, tools, and seed
• Sharecroppers
• Worked on lands for a small share of the crops
• Forced to grow cash crops cotton and tobacco
• Depletes the soil

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Freedmens Bureau

• Created by congress
• To help refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands
• Provide food, clothing, medicine, hospitals
• Brought teachers to the south
• Built colleges for African Americans
• Distribute southern war lands to former enslaved
  workers
• But later given back to pardoned confederates

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Amendments to the Constitution

• 13th Amendment
• Ends slavery
• 14th Amendment
• Equal protection under law
• Rights to life, liberty, and property
• 15th Amendment
• Right to vote
• Cannot be denied by race, color, or previous
  condition of servitude

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Participation in Government

• African Americans could now vote
• African Americans could now hold office
• Hiram Revels
• First African American
• to be Senator
• Mississippi in 1870

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Southern States Response

• Black Codes
• African Americans were still in lower status
• Cant handle weapons, testify against white
  citizens in court, or serve on juries in court
• Mostly enforced in the south

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Other ways to discourage voting

• States would place voting restrictions
• Poll Tax
• Pay money to vote
• African Americans who could not afford the tax,
  did not vote
• Property Tests
• Must own property to vote
• Literacy Tests
• Must be able to read and write English

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Other ways to discourage voting

• Grandfather Clause
• Waived property and literacy tests for those
  whose grandfathers could vote before the Civil
  War
• White Primary Elections
• Only white males could vote in the Primary
  Elections
• Only White Males made it to the next election
• Guarantee A white male will hold office

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Ku Klux Klan

• Used violence, fear, and terror
• Main Objective
• To discourage participation
  in Government
• 2,500 lynched between
• 1885 and 1900
• Many African Americans
• would move north to
• escape violence

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Jim Crow

• Street
• Performer
• Cartoon
• Character
• (Not a real
• person)

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Jim Crow Laws

• Inspiring character based on an African American
  street performer
• Began to represent all African American people
• Soon represented all laws that would segregate
  African Americans in
• Housing
• Transportation
• Other aspects of everyday life

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Jim Crow Laws

• Were set in the south to enforce segregation
• Separation of white and black people in public
  places
• Schools
• Trolley Seats
• Restrooms

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Are Jim Crow Laws Legal?

• Homer Plessy would test this
• Arrested in Louisiana
• Did not sit in correct seat in train car
• Would appeal to the 14th Amendment
• Equal Protection Under the Law
• Lost in state courts
• Appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court

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Plessy V. Ferguson 1896

• U.S. Supreme Court ruled against Plessy
• Segregation is allowed
• But item in question must be equal
• Separate But Equal
• (But were they equal?)

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Social Growth for African Americans

• Booker T. Washington
• Born into slavery
• After Civil War became a teacher
• Started Tuskegee Institute training students
  in trades and economic growth
• George Washington Carver was hired
• Did not challenge segregation
• Encouraged cooperation

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African Americans Organize

• W. E. B. Du Bois
• Rejected segregation
• Helped form NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People
• Played a major role in ending segregation in the
  1900s

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• W.E.B. Du Bois

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Great Migration

• African American population began to move into
  northern cities
• Due to heavy racism in the south
• Little available jobs in the south
• New available jobs in the north due to
  industrialization

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Industrialization

• Grew late 1800s and early 1900s
• Increase in production of iron, steel, and oil
• New technology using electricity,
  transportation, and communication
• Created many jobs
• European Immigration
• Southern and Eastern Europeans
• Took many new industrialized jobs
• Increased Segregation