GRAMMAR REVIEW

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GRAMMAR REVIEW

• Appositives
• Clauses
• Verbals

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Appositives

• An appositive is a noun that renames another noun.

1st Noun
2nd Noun - APPOSITIVE
Jojo, the crazy monkey, likes to eat the bananas
Mrs. Bell gives her.
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Appositives

• Lulu, the teachers pet, always makes good
  grades.
• pet renames Lulu
• Mrs. Wallace does not like, her next-door
  neighbors dog, Sandy.
• Sandy renames dog
• The novel, his greatest work of all time, is on
  the bestseller list.
• work renames novel

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Appositives

• Dont confuse Appositives with Predicate
  Nominatives.
• LINKING VERB PN
• Example Henry is a student.
• Even though student is the second noun in the
  sentence, it is not an appositive because is is
  a linking verb.

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The Difference Between Clauses and Verbals

• A CLAUSE has a subject and a verb.
• A VERBAL does not. It is just a phrase.

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Clauses

• Adverb
• Noun
• Adjective

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Clauses

• A clause contains a subject and a verb.
• Examples He ran, I talked, Why they jaywalked,
  Before she attacked

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Noun Clauses

• act as subjects, predicate nominatives,
• direct objects, and objects of prepositions

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Noun Clauses

• There are three kinds of subordinate clauses, and
  one of them is the noun clause.
• The noun clause can be used in a sentence four
  ways as a subject, direct object, predicate
  nominative, or object of a preposition.

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Noun Clauses

• Noun Clause as Subject
•  
• Whatever I ate made my stomach queasy.

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Noun Clauses

• Noun Clause as Direct Object
• The dog chased whoever had stolen his bone.

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Noun Clause

• Noun Clause as Predicate Nominative
• You are whoever you want to be.

This is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE and not an
APPOSITIVE because of the linking verb are.
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Noun Clause

• Noun Clause as Object of a Preposition
• The creepy clown was hiding behind whoever
  entered the room last.

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Adjective Clauses

• modify nouns

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That

• The books that are on the table are very heavy.
• That are on the table describes the books.
• The cookie that I ate had chocolate chunks in it.
• That I ate describes the cookie.

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Who

• The girl who likes baking brings cookies for
  everyone on Valentines Day.
• Who likes baking describes the girl.
• The boy who makes me laugh says a lot of strange
  things.
• Who makes me laugh describes the boy.

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Which

• London, which is a busy city, has over seven
  million residents.
• Which is a busy city describes London.
• My sixth period class, which is taught by Ms.
  Butz, is English III.
• Which is taught by Ms. Butz describes the sixth
  period class.

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When do I use commas?

• Restrictive clauses do NOT need commas
• The dog that ate my homework was a beagle.
• That ate my homework narrows down which dog you
  are talking about.
• Americans who vote are good citizens.
• Americans is proper and plural, but in this
  sentence, you are not talking about all Americans.

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When do I use commas? (cont.)

• Non-restrictive clauses DO need commas
• Paris, which is in France, is a beautiful city.
• Almost all adjective clauses describing a proper
  noun must be surrounded by commas.
• My ultimate dream, which is to climb Mount
  Everest, has not yet been fulfilled.
• This dream has already been specified as the
  ultimate dream therefore, which is to climb
  Mount Everest further describes the dream.

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Adverb Clauses

• modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

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Adverbial Clauses

• An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as
  an adverb (modifies a verb).
• Answers the questions
• HOW, WHEN, WHERE, UNDER WHAT CONDITION, TO WHAT
  EXTENT, WHY, etc.

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Examples of Adverbial Clauses

• Until I stopped, Before the teacher understood,
  When the presentation ended, etc. (answer the
  question WHEN)
• Because he died, Since Pedro was tired, etc.
  (answer the question WHY)
• Where the Red Fern Grows, Wherever life takes
  you, etc. (answer the question WHERE)

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Verbals

• Participles
• Gerunds
• Infinitives

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Participles

• serve as adjectives
• suffixes en ed ing

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Participles

• Verbals ending in ING (or ED/EN)
• Function as ADJECTIVES (modify a noun).
• Examples
• The snoozing student
• Sleeping Beauty
• The frozen steak

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Participial PHRASES

• Participial phrase Participle other words
  related to the participle
• The PowerPoint educating the students
• The miserable castaway eating his own flesh
• Huck, accompanying Jim on the journey, faces a
  great internal conflict.

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Gerunds

• serve as nouns
• suffix ing

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Gerunds

• Gerunds are a form of a verb ending in
• ing and functioning as a noun.
• Ex Swimming is a sport.
• A gerund can be used in a sentence as a predicate
  nominative, a subject, a direct object, and the
  object of a preposition.

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Gerunds

• Gerund as a Predicate Nominative
• The second round of Fear Factor is eating cows
  eyes.

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Gerunds

• Gerund as Subject
• Doing my homework takes forever!

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Gerunds

• Gerund as Direct Object
• She loves throwing huge fireballs.

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Gerunds

• Gerund as Object of the Preposition
• Everyone knows that Edward Cullen sparkles after
  seeing the sun.

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Infinitives

• to verb

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Dont Be Confused.

• DO NOT confuse infinitive phrases with
  prepositional ones.
• Infinitive phrases to verb object of the
  infinitive (noun)
• Prepositional phrases to noun (location,
  person, etc)

Ex. Go to the market. prepositional phrase
Go to have fun. infinitive phrase
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Infinitives Used as Adverbs

• I studied to pass Mr. Sagers exam.
• Why did I study? I studied so that I would pass
  Mr. Sagers exam. To pass describes study.
• Save the cheerleader to save the world.
• Why do you need to save the cheerleader? You need
  to save her to save the world.

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Infinitives Used as Adjectives

• The recipe to make brownies is on the first page.
• Which recipe is on the first page? It is the
  recipe to make to make brownies.
• There are many ways to give back to your
  community.
• To give back describes ways. To your
  community is a prepositional phrase.

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Infinitives Used as Appositives

• My hobby, to draw, is fun.
• To draw identifies which hobby is fun.
• Her dream, to sing in an opera, is unrealistic.
• To sing in an opera identifies which dream of
  hers is unrealistic.

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Infinitives Used as Nouns

• To succeed in Calculus BC is my goal.
• What is my goal? It is to succeed in Calculus BC.
  To succeed is the subject.
• Joy and I like to sing.
• "To sing" is the direct object. It answers the
  question, What do Joy and I like to do?

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Introductory Infinitive Phrases

• To prepare for the in-class essay, Emily took
  notes on the themes in the novel as she read.
• To study for the vocabulary quiz, Robin made
  flashcards.
• To raise her participation grade, Lienna made as
  many comments as she could.