Leadership

1
??? ??
2
???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
?? ??? ??? ??
1-3
3
???? ????
???
Leadership
??-????
??? ??
??
??
1-4
4
??? ??? ????

????
????(Trait Theory)
????(Behavioral Theory)
????(Situational Theory)
?? ?? ??
1910? 50??
1940? 50??
1960?? -
1980??
????
???? ??? ?? ?? (?? ?? ??)
??? ???? ??(2??? ??)
????? ???? ??? ??
??? ??/??/?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??(??/????,??? ??)
???? (??/??)
???? ?? ??? ??(??)? ?? ??.
?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????
??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.
??? ??? ??? ??/?? ??? ??
???? ?? (??)
????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???
??(???/???/???)
???? ???? ?? ???/??? ??? ?? ?? ???
??/????? Blake Mouton? ?? ?? ??
Fiedler ? ?? ?? ?? Hersey Blanchard ???
??? Path Goal Normative
??? ???(Tichy) ???? ??(R.E.Quinn) ????
???(S.Covey) ?????/?????(C.C.Manz H.P.Sims)
5
Traits, Behaviors and relationships
6
??

• O ??? ??? ???? ??(traits) ? ??(characteristics)?
  ????.
• O ???(Autocratic) ???? ???(Democratic) ??? ?? ?
  ??? ??? ????.
• O ????(people-oriented) ??????
  ????(task-oriented) ?????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??
  ??.
• O ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???(follower)?? ???
  ??????? ??? ? ? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.

7
THE TRAIT APPROACH
Traits ? ??? ?? ???, ???, ???(?????), ????
??? The Great Man approach ??? ???? ?? ??? ???,
??? ??? ??(? ??, ??, ?? ?), ??? ??(??? ??? ?? ??
?), ??? ??(? ????, ??, ?? ?? ?)?? ???? ????
????? ????? ?? ???.   Stogdill (1948) ??? ????
????? ???? traits ?? ??? ??, ???, ??????, ???,
???? ??, ??? ? ?? ??(characteristics)?
???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??. Stogdill
(19481970) ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???,
???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??(by Kirpatrick and
Locke ,1991) Follower? ??? ???? ??-??? ?? ??? ??
??? ??? ????? Emotional intelligence(????)? ???
??-????, ??????...(in ch5)
8
THE TRAIT APPROACH
In conclusion ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ????. ???
??? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ????. Self-confidenc
e(???) ??, ????, ???? ??? ??? ????
?? Honesty/Integrity(??/????) ??? ???? ?? ??? ??
?, ???? Drive(???) ??? ?? ??, ???? ??
9
Studies of Leadership Traits and Characteristics
Stogdill (1948)
Mann (1959)
Stogdill (1974)
Mann (1959)
Mann (1959)
Intelligence
Intelligence
Achievement
Intelligence
Intelligence
Alertness Insight Responsibility Initiative Persis
tence Self-confidence Sociability
Masculinity Adjustment Dominance Extroversion Cons
ervatism
Persistence Insight Initiative Self-confidence Res
ponsibility Cooperativeness Tolerance Influence So
ciability
Masculinity Dominance
Motivation Integrity Confidence Cognitive
ability Task knowledge
10
Big Five Model of Personality
Dominance ???(Extraversion)
???(Adjustment)
??/???(Agreeableness)
??/???(Conscientiousness)
???(Open to experience)
2-4
11
Locus of Control
Integrity
High energy
Flexibility
9 Traits of Effective Leaders
Dominance
Sensitivity to others
Self-confident
Intelligence
Stability
2-6
12
The Different Views of Leadership Based on the
Trait and Process Definitions
Figure 1.1 The Different Views of Leadership
Based on the Trait and Process Definitions
13
BEHAVIOR APPROACHES

• ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ??. ??? ???? ???
  ????, ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??.
• Autocratic(???) versus Democratic(???) Leadership
• 1) Iowa??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?? ?? ???? ???
  ??.
• 2) Tannenbaum and Schmidt? ??
• ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
• ????(boss-centered), ????(democratic), a mix
  of the two style
• ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??

A children group with democratic leader ??? ???
?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??
A children group with autocratic leader ??? ?? ?
?? ??, ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
14
BEHAVIOR APPROACHES
2. University of Michigan Studies (??? ??? ??)
??? ???? ???, ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???
???? ????? ????? ??, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??
employee-centered(??? ??) leader ????
??? ??? ??, ??????(consideration)
job-centered(????) leader ???? ??? ??,
???? ??? ??(initiating structure) ? ?? ????
?? ??? ? ??. 3. Ohio State Studies (???? ?????
??) 2000??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??
??? LBDQ (Leader Behavior Description
Questionnaire)? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?
?? ??? ???? ???? Consideration (??) ??? ??,
??, ????, ???? ?? ???? ?? Initiating structure
(????)???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??, ??
??, ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? - ?? ?????
?????? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??.
- ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??. -
????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???. ? ?? ???
??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???. (ch3)
15
BEHAVIOR APPROACHES
4. The Leadership Grid, The University of Texas
(??? ??, Blake? Mouton,1964)
??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? 7?? ??? ????
????.
1. ??(team) ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? 2.
??????(country club) ?? ????? ?????? ?? 3.
???(Authority-compliance management) ? ???
??? 4. ???(middle of the road) ?, ????? ???
?? 5. ????(impoverished) ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??
???? ??? ???? ??
16
Blake, Mouton, and McCanse Leadership Grid
High
1,9 Country Club
9,9
Team Leader
CONCERN - P E O P L E
5,5
Middle of the Road
??-?? Authority-Compliance
Impoverished
9,1
1,1
Low
1 ??? ?? ?? CONCERN for
PRODUCTION 9 Low High
3-7
17
High
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Country club management Thoughtful attention to
the needs of the people for satisfying
Relationships leads to a Comfortable, friendly
organization Atmosphere and work tempo
Team Management Work accomplishment is
from Committed people interdependence Through a
common stake in Organization purpose leads
to relationships of trust and respect.
Concern for People
Middle of the road management.
Adequate organization performance is possible
through balancing the necessity to get work out
while maintaining morale of people at a
satisfactory level
Authority-Compliance management Efficiency in
operations results from arranging conditions of
work in such a way that human elements
interfere to a minimum degree
Impoverished management Exertion of minimum
effort to get required work done is appropriate
to Sustain organization membership
Low
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
Low
Concern for Results
High
The leadership Grid Concern for
Results
18
9 9
Paternalism/Maternalism Reward and approval are
bestowed to people in return for loyalty and
obedience failure to comply leads to punishment
19
Opportunism
1,9
99
9,1
Opportunism In opportunistic management, people
adapt and shift to any grid style needed to gain
the maximum advantage. Performance occurs
according to a system of selfish gain. Effort is
given for an advantage for personal gain.
20
BEHAVIOR APPROACHES
6. ????(opportunism) ???? ????? ?? ??? ???
grid???? ????, ????.
??? ???? ??? ?? ????.
??? ??? ??? ??? ????. 7.
???/????(99 Paternalism/Maternalism) ??? ???
????? ?? ??,??? ?? ??.
???
??? ????. ? Grid style ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.
? ? ??? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ? ??.
21
BEHAVIOR APPROACHES
? Theories of a High-High Leader
Themes of Leader Behavior Research
People-Oriented Task-Oriented
Ohio State University Consideration Initiating Structure
University of Michigan Employee-Centered Job-Centered
University of Texas Concern for people Concern for Production

• ? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???
• ? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????
• (??? ????. ? ??? ????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.)
• ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ???
  ?????
• (Grid ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ? ??? ? ?????
  ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????
  ??? ???? ? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??.)
• high-high ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????
• (?? ??? ?????? ? ? ??. ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??
  ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ???? ??? ??.)
• ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??/?? ????? ???? ? ????
• (1950?, 60??? Ohio State? Michigan ?? ??
  ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???
  ??? ??? ??? ? ??. ? ?? ??? ??.)

22
DYADIC APPROACHES
? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???
??? ??
Stages of Development of Dyadic Approach

• Vertical Dyad Linkage
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??
• ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??
• ?? ??.

2. Leader-Member Exchange ???? ??? ?????? ???
??. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ????.
3. Partnership Building ??? ?? ?????? ???
???? ? ?? ? ? ??. ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??.
4. Systems and Networks ?? dyad? ??? ?? ????
???? ?? levels? boundaries? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????.
SOURCES Based on Fred Danereau, A Dyadic
Approach to Leadership Creating and Nurturing
This Approach Under Fire, Leadership Quarterly,
No.4(1995), 479-490, and George B. Graen and Mary
Uhl-Bien, Relationship-based Approach to
Leadership Development of Leader-Member
exchange(LMX) Theory of Leadership Over 25years
Applying a Multi-level, Multi-domain Approach,
Leadership Quarterly 6, No 2(1995), 219-247.
23
DYADIC APPROACHES
1. Vertical Dyad Linkage Model (???????)
??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???
??
??
??? ??
A
B
C
D
????? A B C D
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. insiders ???
??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??, ? ?? ???
???. ????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??
???(in-group)? ???(out-group)?? ??
VDL????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??(in-group
exchange relationship)? ???? ??.
24
DYADIC APPROACHES
??? ???
???? ??? ????, ??? ??, ???? ????, ?? ?? ??, ??,
??, ?? ? ????, ??? ????, ???? ??? ??
??? ???
????? ??, ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???, ??
?? ???, ???? ????
? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ? ???? ???
??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.
25
DYADIC APPROACHES

• 2. Leader-Member Exchange
• ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.
• LMX??? ??? ?? ??????? ??, ????, ???? ??, ????,
  ??, ?????, ?? ?? ?
• ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???
  ??. (background, ???, ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???
  ??)
• ??-?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?? ? ?? ???
  ????
• High-quality LMX relationship
• ??, ???, ????, ?? ? ???? ??
• ??? ? ? ???? ??,
  ? ?? ???? ??, ??
• ???? ?? ??
• ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????
  ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???.
• ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.
• ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ? ???? ??-??? ???
  ???? ???.
• ? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????.

26
DYADIC APPROACHES
3. Partnership Building ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???
??? ? ???? LMX??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??
????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??. ??? ?????
??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??. ??? ??? ???
???? ???? ????? ??? ???? Individualized
Leadership - ? ??? ????? ????. - ???
??? ?? ?? ???? ???. ??? ?? ?????? high-quality
relationship? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ? ??? ?????
??? ?? ????. ??? ??, ??, ?? ?? ????, ???? ?? ???
????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???
????? ?? ????.
27
DYADIC APPROACHES

• Systems and Networks
• ?? dyad? ? ? ????? ??? ? ??.
• ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????
• ? ?, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?? ??? ??.
• ? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???
  ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.

28
SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION
29
Leadership ????
30
1. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
????
???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ?, ???? ??????
???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ??????? ??? ??
??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.
31
2. FIEDLERS CONTINGENCY MODEL
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??

• ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ? ???,
  ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????.

1) LEADERSHIP STYLE

• ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ? ?
  ??. ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??? ????
  ??? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???
  ???.

• ??? ???? LPC(the least preferred coworker)????
  ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??
  ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???
  ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????
  ????.

32
2. FIEDLERS CONTINGENCY MODEL
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
2) SITUATION

• ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ? ??-????? ??, ?
  ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.

? ??-????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??? ????
??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
??? ????? ??? ?????? ??. ? ???? ??? ????
??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????,
????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????
????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???. ? ???? ??? ??
?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???
????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ? ???, ??? ??
???? ????.
33
(No Transcript)
34
2. FIEDLERS CONTINGENCY MODEL
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
3) CONTINGENCY THEORY

• ???? ??? ???, ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???
  ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?
  ?????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???
  ????.

• ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??
  ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????
  ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ??.
• ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ???, ??
  ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??, ?? ?????
  ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????
  ????? ??.

• ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???? ???
  ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???,
  ??-????? ??, ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.

35
3. HERSEY AND BLANCHARDS SITUATIONAL THEORY
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??

• ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??, ????
  ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ????? ???
  ??? ????? ???. ?, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
  ??? ???.

???? ???? ?? ???? ??

• ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
• R1-R4? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???
  ??????? ???? ????.
• S1(???)- ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???.
• S2(???/???)- ??? ??? ???, ???? ?? ????? ????
  ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
  ????.
• S3(???)- ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
  ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??.
• S4(???)- ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.

36
THE FOUR LEADERSHIP STYLES
(HIGH)
FIGURE 4.1. Situational Leadership 2
SUPPORTING
COACHING
SUPPORTIVE BEGAVIOR
DELEGATING
DIRECTING
DIRECTIVE BEGAVIOR
(LOW)
(HIGH)
DEVELOPED
DEVELOPING
DEVELOPMENT OF LEVEL OF FOLLOWER(S)
37
4. PATH-GOAL THEORY
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??

• ??-?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???
  ???? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ????
  ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?
  ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??.

1) LEADER BEHAVIOR

• ??-?? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
• ? ??? ???
• ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???
  ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????
  ????.
• ? ??? ???
• ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??,
  ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?
  ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.
• ? ??? ???
• ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????
  ????? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? HERSEY AND BLANCHARD?
  S3 ???? ????.
• ? ?? ??? ???
• ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??? ????? ???? ???
  ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ????.

38
Path-Goal Leadership OBSTACLE
Subordinates
Goal(s) Productivity
PATH
PATH

• Path-Goal Leadership
• Defines goals
• Clarifies path
• Removes obstacles
• Provides support

39
Leader Behaviors Directive Supportive Achievement-
oriented
Subordinate Characteristics
Task Characteristics
Subordinates
Goal(s) Productivity
Motivation
40
4. PATH-GOAL THEORY
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
2) SITUATIONAL CONTINGENCIES

• ??-?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????.

? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? HERSEY AND
BLANCHARD? ???? ??, ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.
? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ???, ????
????? ???? ?????? ??.
3) USE OF REWARDS

41
5. THE VROOM-JAGO CONTINGENCY MODEL
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??

• ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?
  ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????.

1) LEADER PARTICIPATION STYLE

• ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??.
• ? ???
• ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??
• ? ?? ???
• ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??.
• ? ?? ???
• ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ????? ??? ??.
• ? ??? ???
• ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???
  ????,
• ? ???
• ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????
  ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????.

42
5. THE VROOM-JAGO CONTINGENCY MODEL
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
2) DIAGNOSTIC QUESTIONS

• ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? 7?? ??? ?? ??? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ??? ????.
• ? ??? ???
• ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
• ? ??? ???
• ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????
• ? ??? ????
• ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???
• ? ??? ???
• ?? ??? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
• ? ??? ????
• ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????
• ? ??? ?? ????
• ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????
• ? ? ??
• ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???

43
6.SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??

• ??? ????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??
  ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????.

???? ??/ ?? ???

?? ?? ??? ??? ??(??)??? ???
??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??
??? ?? ??? ??/?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??
44
7. SUMMARY
3. ??????? ??? ??? ??
??

• ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.
  ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ???
  ??? ???? ????, ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???
  ????? ?? ??? ?? ??.

• ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ????? ??.
• ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???
  ???? ???, ??-?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????
  ????? ??.
• ?? ? ???? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ????? ??.
• ??,??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????
  ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???
  ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.

45
(No Transcript)
46

1. ? ???? ????
2. ? ???? ???
3. ? ???? ??
4. ? ?????
5. ? ?????? ??
6. ?? / ?? / ??
7. ? ?

47
? ???? ???? ? ???? ???

• ? ???? ????
• ???? ???? ????, ???? ? ??? ? ??? ??, ??? ????
  ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?.
• ???? ??(internal)? ??? ?? ?? ???, ?? ??
  ??(external)? ??? ?? ? ??? ?.
• ?? ???? ? ?? ??
• ? ??? ?? ?? (?? monitoring / ???
  internal)
• ? ??? ???? ?? ?? (?? executive
  action)/???interal)
• ? ??? ????? ?? (?? monitoring/???
  external)
• ? ????? ???? ??? ?? (?? executive
  action/??? external)

• ? ???? ???
• ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??.
• ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?.
  (Berge, 1986)
• ??(???? object mediation)? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??
  ??? ????? ??? ??(networking)? ???.
• ??(???? action mediation)? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?
  ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????, ??? ? ?? ??? ????
  ???? ?.

48
? ??? ??

• Hackman? Walton(1986) ? ?? ? ?????(task-performi
  ng)? ???? ????? ???.
• Larson? LaFasto (1989)? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ?? ????
• ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???
• ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???
  ???.

49
? ???? ??? - Larson LaFasto(1989)

• ???? ??? ??
• ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ?? ??
• ???? ??.
• ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????
  ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? (Hackman,1990)
• ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????
• ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? (Lason LaFasto,1989)

• ?? ??? ??
• ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.
• ?????(problem-resolution team) ?????? ?? ??????
  ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??.
• ?????(creative team) ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????
  ??(risk)? ???? ??, ???? ???? ????? ??.
• ???(tactical team) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???
  ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??.

50
? ???? ??? - Larson LaFasto(1989)

• ??? ? ???
• ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?.
• ?????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ????? ?.
• ????? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ???
  ??? ?.
• ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ??? ?.

• ???? ??
• ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?.
• ? ?? (team spirit)? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
  ?? ?.

• ???? ???
• ??, ???, ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.
• ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??, ?? ?????, ??? ??, ?? ???
  ? ?? ?.

51
? ???? ??? - Larson LaFasto(1989)

• ???? ??
• ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??(normative standards of
  excellence)? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.
• ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?.

• ??? ??? ??
• ??? ??, ??? ? ???, ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.
• ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
  ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.

• ????? ???
• ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??????, ???? ??
  ????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??.
• ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???,
  ?????? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ?.

52
? ?????
?????? ??? ?? (??/??) ??? ??
(???/???) ??? ??
??? ? ?????
??? ? ?????
? ?
? ?
? ?
?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????
??(??) ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????
??? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????
? ??? ? ? ?? / ??
53
A Model for Team Leadership

• Leader Mediation decisions
• Type of Intervention(Monitor/Action)
• Level of Intervention(Internal/External)
• Function of Intervention

Internal Team Leadership Functions
External Team Leadership Functions
Task
Task
Environmental
Clarifying Goals Establishing Structure Decision
Making Training Standard Setting
Networking Advocating Negotiating
Support Assessing Sharing Information
Coaching Collaborating Managing Conflict Building
Commitment Satisfying Needs Modeling principles

• Team Effectiveness
• Performance
• Development/Maintenance

54
? ?????? ?? ??

• ? ?????? ??
• ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ? ?????? ???
  ? ??.
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?
  ??? ??? ? ??.
• ???? ?? ??? ??(??)? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. (????)
• ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??(??)? ??? ? ???
  ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ? ??.
• ??? ????(????)? ??? ? ??. ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
  ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ? ??, ?? ????? ??? ???
  ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??.

• ? ?????? ??
• ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??.
• ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.
• ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??(changing roles)? ??? ??
  ??? ???.
• ? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ??.

55
? ??? - ??

• ? ?
• ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???
  ??. ( ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?????
  ??(self-fulfilling group cycles)? ??? ??, ????
  ???(content issues)? ?? ??? ?? ??.(Hackman, 1990)
• ? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ?. (? ??? ??? ????
  ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.)
• ????,????, ???? ????, ????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??
  ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.
• ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???
  ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??.
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ????
  ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ???
  ???? ??? ????.

56
? ??? - ??

• ? ?
• ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???,
• ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
  ???? ??? ??? ? ? ??.
• ??? ??? ? ??(the context for the action)? ????
  ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.
• ? ?, ??? ??(the results of the intervention)?
  ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????.
• ???? ??(???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??)? ?? ?
  ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??.
• ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??(????)? ?? ? ? ??.
• ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????
  ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??.

57
? ??? - ??

• ? ?
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?
  ?????? ??? ???.
• ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??
  ???? ??.
• ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??/???? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?.
• ??? ??????(strategic decision model)? ? ???? ???
  ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????( ? ??? ??? ???
  ????(??/??)? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???(???/???)? ?
  ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?)? ?? ??.
• ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??.
• ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????
  ???.
• ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ????
  ?? ??? ??.
• ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? ???.
• ? ??? ?? ??.??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????
  ??.

58
Is your team aligned?

• Moving toward a magnetic aspiration

59
Leadership? ?? ??1. Transactional vs
Transformational leadership2. ??? ?? ?? 3.???
??? ?? ??? ??4. Relationship baed leadership? ??
??

60
Transformational Transactional
Laissez-faire Leadership
Leadership Leadership
Factor 1 Idealized Influence Charisma Factor
2 Inspirational Motivation Factor
3 Intellectual Stimulation Factor
4 Individualized Consideration
Factor 5 Contingent Reward Constructive
Transaction Factor 6 Management-by-Exception Activ
e Passive Corrective Transactions
Factor 7 Laissez-faire Nontransactional
61
Transformational Transactional
Laissez-faire Leadership Leadership
Leadership
62
Transactional vs Transformational
LeaderTransactional Approach
Transformational Approach

• ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??
• ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ???
• ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???
• It is a logical, objective approach to
  leadership.

• ???? ???? ???? ??, ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ????,
  ??, ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?.
• ???, ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???, ??, ????, ??????
  ???? Context? ???.
• Such a leader shapes the setting that employees
  occupy, the mountain peaks to which they will
  aspire.

63
Transactional vs Transformational
LeaderTransactional Approach
Transformational Approach

• ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???
  ???? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ??, ???? ??? ?????
  ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? Contingent reward,
  Management by exception (Corrective leadership)
• Transaction between leader and subordinates on
  the basis of setting clear expectaions.

• Leaders are idealized in their efforts to build
  trust, inspiring in the degree to which there are
  willing to sacrifice their own time for the good
  of others, stimulating in the way they challenges
  followers to be actively engaged in creating
  expectations and the creative use of beads, and
  individualized in their constant attention to
  what each follower most needs and desires to
  develop to his or her full potential.
• Transformational leaders do more with colleagues
  and followers than set up simple exchanges or
  agreements.

64
Transactional Approach
Transformational Approach

• Focus Personal values beliefs of leaders, not
  exchange of commodities between leaders and
  followers Personal values - Justice Integrity-
  End values(Those that cannot be negotiated or
  exchanged)
• Leadership effects (1) Unite followers and (2)
  change followers goals and beliefs gt
  Achievement of higher levels of performance among
  individuals than previously thought possible.
• The concept of CHARISMA Self-confidence,
  Dominance, Strong conviction in the moral
  rightneousness of ones beliefs
• Key behaviors of Trnasformational leaders (1)
  Articulating goals(visions)
  (2) Building an image
  (3) Demonstrating confidence
  (4) Arousing motivation
  gt Motivate
  followers to believe work is more than the
  performance of certain duties for certain
  concrete payoffs.

• Focus The exchange of valued outcomes
• Relationship between leader and subordinate
  Mutual dependence(The contributions of both sides
  are acknowledged rewarded.)
• Levels of transaction
  gt High quality Support emotional
  resources exchange
  gt Low quality The exchange or bartering
  of goods or rights based on the contract
• Leaders role(Common) Clarification of
  followers roles(Performance of these roles reach
  their personal goals and the mission of the
  oranization)
• Leaders role(Less common) Promises or
  commitment based on modal values such as
  respect trust.
• Basis of Leadership Control of resources and
  knowledge of subordinates task requirements
  their personal goals.

65
Components of Transformational leadership
66
??? ???? ??? ??
67
Need for new competenciesWorkplace savvy

• Sensitive to issues of diversity
• Interpersonally competent
• Skillful communicators motivators
• Community builders
• Capable of building well-aligned organizational
  architectures
• Developers of leaders

68
Leader Vision

• ??? ?? ??? ?? Define reality 1 ???
  ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ???, ? ???? ??
  ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? 2
  ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??/??, ???? ??,
  ???? 3 ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???,
  ???? ??, ??? ???? 4 ????? ??? ?? ??
  ??, ????, ???? ? 5 ???? ????? ??,
  ?? ??? ???? ?? 6 ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ?? ?? ???, ????/??, ????
• Vision a realistic, credible, attractive future
  for the organization 1 ??? ??? ??
  ???? ??? ???? --- ??? ????, ??? ? ?? ?? ???
  ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?
  2 ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???
  ?????? ???? ???? ?????, Commitment? ????? ????
  ? 3 ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???
  Commitment? ???, ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???
  ?? --- Risk taking, experimentation? ???
  4 ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? Image? ??????
  ?? ? ?? ????? ????, ??, ??, ??, ????? ??? ????
  5 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
  ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? --- Align peoples
  energies in a common direction.

69
??? ?? ??? ?? ??
Organization without vision Orgnization with
vision

• ?? ?? ????? ?????
• ??? ???? ??
• ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??
• ???? ??? ???
• ???? ??? ?? ??? ??
• ???? ??, Fear ???? ??
• ????? Reactive Proactive

70
Credibility of LeaderHonest(Trustworthiness),
Inspiring/forward-looking(Dynamism),
competent(Expertise)

• ?? ????? Manager/Leader? ?? ??/?? 1
  ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??
  2 ??
  Team spirit? ?? 3 ??? ??? ???? ???
  ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? 4 ??? ??? ??, ??/?????
  ? 5 ???? ????? ?? ???
• ???? ?? Manager/Leader? ?? ??/??
  1 ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?
  2 ?? ?? ?? ????? 3
  ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????, ???? ??
  4 ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ? 5
  ??? ??? ??, ??? ??/??? ?? ???? ??
• Leaders mobilize others to want to act because
  of the credibility they have.
• Leaders sustain the requisite credibility by
  their actions - by challenging(the process),
  inspiring(a shared vision), enabling(others to
  act), modeling(the way), and encouraging(the
  heart).

71
??? ?? ??
72
The Leadership Mirror

• ??? ??? ?? ??? Scoring scheme? ???? 1?? 7?? ???
  ???? ??? 1 ?? ??? ----2----------3----------4(
  ??)---------5-----------6------------7(???)
• 1 ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???
• 2 ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??/???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
  
• 3 ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????
• 4 ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????
• 5 ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????
• 6 ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
• 7 ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????
  
• 8 ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
• 9 ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????
• 10 ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??
  ????
• 11 ?? ???? ?? ??/??? ?? ??? ?????
• 12 ?? ?? ??/??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ???? ??
  ????
• 13 ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????
• 14 ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????

73

• ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. ??? 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ??
  ?? ???, ??? ??? 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14? ?? ??? ??
  ???
• ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? Essence qualities? ?? ?????
  ???? ??? ???? ??? Essence qualities? ??? ???
  ??/??? ????? ???? ???. 5???? ??? ??? ??? ????,
  ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????. Essence?
  who you truly are??, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?,
  ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??.
• 
  QUESTIONS
• 1 3
  5 7 9
  11 13
• S 7
  
  
• C 6
  
  
• O 5
  
  
• R 4
  
  
• E 3
  
  
• 2
  
  
• 1
  
  
• 2 4
  6 8 10
  12 14

74
ATT Leadership Competencies
75
FedExs Leadership dimension

• Charismatic leadership Charisma? ??? ??? ?? ? ?
  ??, ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ??
  ???/??? ????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ????
  ????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.
  Charismatic leaders? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ?? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??
  ????, ????? ?? ??. ???? Charismatic leaders?
  faith? ?? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????
  ??. Charismatic leader? ????? Pride, Faith,
  Respect? ?? ????
• Individual consideration ? ???? ???? ???, ???
  ?????? ?? Coaches? Teachers? ??? ??. ???? ????
  ??? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?? ????
  ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? Developmental
  orientation? ?? ???, ????? ?? ?????? Role models?
  ??? ??. They also show appreciation and give
  special attention to newcomers and those who
  appear neglected.
• Intellectual stimulation ?? ?? ?????
  Interpersonal skills? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ???
  ???? ?? Power? ???? ???? ??? ??. ??? ?? Power?
  ????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??? ??,
  ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? Actions? ??? ?? ??? ????
• Courage ???? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???,
  ????? ??? ???? ? ? ???, ???? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ??
• Dependability Leaders follow through and keep
  commitments, meeting deadlines, taking
  responsibility for actions, and admitting
  mistakes to superiors. Leaders work effectively
  with little or no contact with supervisors, but
  keep supervisors informed of progress.

76
FedExs Leadership dimension(??)

• Flexibility ???? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????,
  ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ??. ???? ??? ??
  ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????
  ??
• Integrity ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?????
  ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
  ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ????, ???? ??, ?????
  ???? Role model?? ??? ?? ??.
• Judgement ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???,
  ?? ????? ???? ??. ?????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??
  ??? ???? ?? ??. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
  ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??
  Perspective? ??? ?? ??
• ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????
  ???? ??, ???? ??. A leader demonstrates a belief
  in each individuals value regardless of
  background, culture, or other similar factors.

77
(No Transcript)
78
GE? ???ABCD ?? -- ?? ? ??? World pacesetter? ??

• Authenticity ???? ??? ??? ?? Trustworthy ---
  ????? ???? ??
• Boundarylessness ?? ??? ?? ??? ???
  ?? Revitalization --- ?? ? ??? ?? Outward
  --- ????? ?? ?? ? ?? Networking --- ??????? ??
  ??? ??? ?? Synergy??
• Competency ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? Confidence
  --- ??? ?????? ??? ?? Heightening --- ?? ?
  ????? ????
• Direction ??? ?? ?? Envisioning --- ???? ??
  ??

79
GE? ??? ??
80
GE? ??? ??(??)
81
GE? ??? ??(??)
82
GE? ??? ??(??)