Socio-emotional Development

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Socio-emotional Development
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Adolescent
Socio-emotional Development

• Personality Identity Development

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Identity Asking "Who Am I?"

• During adolescence, self consciousness takes
  center stage!
• Teens focus on wondering Who am I? and Where
  do I belong in the world?
• WHY??
• Teens begin to become more like adults
  intellectually
• Realize the importance of establishing self in
  society, and shaping their individuality
• Teens become more like adults physically
• Dramatic changes during puberty make teens
  acutely aware of their own bodies

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Self Concept Refining Self Perceptions

• Self concept broadens during adolescence to
  include both one's own assessment of who you are
  and also includes others' views.
• The view of self becomes more organized and
  coherent.
• Adolescents can look at themselves in terms of
  traits and can see multiple aspects of themselves
  (which can be confusing at first).

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Self-esteem Evaluating Oneself

• During adolescence, teens become increasingly
  accurate in understanding who they are (they
  develop their self concept)
• The increase in self-concept does not mean that
  they like themselves any better (self esteem may
  still be low)

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Self-esteem is influenced by several factors

• Gender - especially in early adolescence, girls
  have lower self-esteem
• SES - higher SES leads to more self-esteem
  (especially in late adolescence when one can buy
  things of value)

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Forming an identity during the teen years crisis
or change?

• Erik Erikson asserted that adolescents may
  encounter substantial psychological difficulties
  in their search for identity (the adolescent
  identity crisis)
• Erikson's stage is IDENTITY-VERSUS-IDENTITY-CONFUS
  ION STAGE, where adolescents seek to determine
  what is unique and distinctive about themselves.

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Eriksons Psychosocial stages
Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair Late Adulthood (60 above) Integrity vs Despair
Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Generativity vs Stagnation
Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation Young Adulthood (20 -30s) Intimacy vs Isolation
Adolescent (12-19) Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescent (12-19) Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescent (12-19) Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescent (12-19) Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescent (12-19) Identity vs Role Confusion
Middle childhood (6-11) Industry vs Inferiority Middle childhood (6-11) Industry vs Inferiority Middle childhood (6-11) Industry vs Inferiority Middle childhood (6-11) Industry vs Inferiority
Early Childhood (3-5) Initiative vs Guilt Early Childhood (3-5) Initiative vs Guilt Early Childhood (3-5) Initiative vs Guilt
Toddler (1-2) Autonomy vs Shame/doubt Toddler (1-2) Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
Infancy (0-1) Trust vs Distrust
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Erikson's IDENTITY-VERSUS-IDENTITY-CONFUSION STAGE

• Those who do not find a suitable identity, tend
  to follow a dysfunctional path because their
  sense of self is "diffuse".
• There are a lot of social pressures to achieve a
  secure identity (or at least have clear career or
  major goals).
• Which job track to follow?
• Attend college? Which one?
• Now, adolescents rely more on friends and peers
  than adults.

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What is IDENTITY?

• Identity is a new way of thinking about oneself
  that emerges during adolescence.
• Identity involves a sense of self-unity,
  accompanied by a feeling that the self has
  continuity over time.
• A firmly established identity also provides a
  sense of uniqueness as a person.

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During Adolescent Stage

• Changes occurs ? influence adolescent to
  find and form own identity (differs from
  their parents).
• Changes that occurs forced adolescent to
  adjust and re-arrange their lives ? formed
  a new identity.
• The physical, cognitive and socio-emotional
  development ? its impact and influence on
  adolescent.
• Form own perception on self ? include peers
  evaluation.

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Approaches in understanding identity

• Involve the cognitive element
• Self-concept
• Involve emotion element
• Self-value or self-image
• Involve personal element
• Questions about self

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Search for Identity

• According to Erikson-
• A teenager effort to make sense of the self
  is a-
• Part of a healthy , vital process that
  builds on the achievement of earlier
  stages.
• Groundwork for coping with the crisis of
  adult life.
• A man needs a stable identity before
  reaching intimacy, whereas, women define
  themselves through marriage and motherhood (
  may be different now).

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IDENTITY

• Erik Erikson,
• defined identity as a "subjective sense of an
  invigorating sameness and continuity," as well as
  a "sense of feeling active and alive.
• According to Erikson's psychosocial model of
  development, identity must be perceived by the
  individual, but also recognized and confirmed by
  others

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Ericksons Psychosocial Developmental Stage

• 8 series of stages ? begin with infancy and
  ending with old age.
• Each stage is named for the particular
  psychosocial crisis or challenge that an
  individual must resolve before moving to
  the next stage.

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Erikson's Stages of Development

• Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (0-1 yr)
• Autonomy Versus Shame (1-3 yrs)
• Initiative Versus Guilt (3-6 yrs)
• Industry Versus Inferiority (6-12)
• Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (12-19)
• Intimacy Versus Isolation (19-25)
• Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (25-50)
• Integrity Versus Despair (50 above)

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Stage 5 Identity vs Role Confusion

• Focus on
• Formation of identity
• Coherent

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IDENTITY - According to James Marcia

• Marcia argued that
• identity could be viewed as a structure of
  beliefs, abilities and past experiences regarding
  the self.
• "The better developed this structure is, the more
  individuals appear to be of their own...strengths
  and weaknesses....
• The less developed this structure is, the more
  confused individuals seem to be about their own
  distinctiveness from others and the more they
  have to rely on external sources to evaluate
  themselves."

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• Identity is a dynamic, not static psychological
  structure.
• The formation of identity in adolescence sets the
  stage for continual changes in the content of
  identity through the adult years.

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Marcia's Identity Statuses

• In Marcia's model, identity involves the adoption
  of
• a sexual orientation,
• a set of values and ideals and
• a vocational direction
• A well-developed identity gives on a sense of
  one's strengths, weaknesses, and individual
  uniqueness.
• A person with a less well-developed identity is
  not able to define his or her personal strengths
  and weaknesses, and does not have a well
  articulated sense of self.

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According to Marcia

• Crisis Commitment ? influence individual
  identity status.
• Identity formation ? a long term process.
• Choose
• Arrange
• Try
• Push out
• Re-built
• Finally ? choose (unique to him/her self)

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Marcias identity formation process

• Foreclosure.
• Diffusion.
• Moratorium.
• Achievement.
• Not progressive ? based on experience and
  exploration

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Foreclosure.

• Commitment without crisis
• Lack exploration of alternatives
• Commitment has been made, but without exploration
  of alternatives, identity is not attained
• Developmentally unsophisticated level of
  achievement
• Adopt parents' characteristics

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Diffusion

• Lack of commitment
• Lack of exploration of alternatives
• Least sophisticated level of development
• Typically the level at which identity formation
  is begun
• Do not feel accepted by parents

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Moratorium

• Active exploration of alternative identities
• Commitment is desired, but it is not yet attained
  
• Sophisticated level of development

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Achievement

• Individual has explored alternatives.
• Commitment is at a high level
• According to individual's in this status, "The
  parts of my self feel as though they have finally
  come together." ( Archer, 1990 ).
• Most developmentally sophisticated status of
  identity formation.
• Perceive parents as supportive

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SUMMARY ON MARCIAS
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Identity Confusion

• Identity problem
• Autonomy problem
• Attachment problem
• Sexuality problem
• Achievement problem

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Social Influence in Identity Formation

• Family
• Discipline relationship
• Environment
• Socio-cultural
• Diet
• Education
• Peers
• Status symbol
• Mass media