Lifespan Development

1
Lifespan Development

• Psychology 230
• Dr. Goralewicz

2
Topic I Introduction / Prenatal Development

• Life Span Development
• Definition
• Changes
• Influences
• Developmental Domains (3)
• Physical
• Cognitive
• Emotional

3
Major Issues (4)

• Continuity vs. Discontinuity
• Continual
• Discontinuous
• Critical vs. Sensitive Periods
• Critical
• Sensitive

4

• Nature vs. Nurture
• Nature Innate
• Nurture Environment
• Nature ? _________________ ? Nurture
• Behavior
• Active Vs. Passive
• Stability

5
Theories of Development

• Early Theories (3)
• Medieval ( 600 1600 )
• Min. Adult
• John Locke ( 1632 1704 )
• Tabla Rosa
• Environment
• Passive
• Continuous

6

• Jean Rousseau ( 1712 1778 )
• Nobel Savage
• Natural Morality
• Discontinuous
• Charles Darwin The Bridge

7
Modern Theories (5)

• Psycho Analytic / Dynamic ( 1915 )
• Sigmund Freud
• Behavior Inner Focus
• Stage ? Conflicts
• Adjustment Resolution

8
Personality Symptoms (3)

• Id
• Ego
• Super Ego

9
Development Stages (5)

• Oral ( Birth to 15 mo ) Attachment
• Anal ( 15 mo 3 yrs ) Self Image
• Phallic ( 3 6 yrs ) Morality Sex ID
• Latent ( 6 13 yrs ) Gender Roles
• Genital ( 13 ) Mature Relationships
• Conflict Fixation
  Unresolved
• Conflict Defense Mechanisms

10

• Psycho / Social
• Erik Erikson ( 1902 1994 )
• Inter related Dynamics (3)
• Bio / Physical
• Life Experiences
• Social / Cultural / Historical Environ.

11
Developmental Stages (8)

• Trust Vs. Mistrust (13 15m) Attachments
• Autonomy Vs. Shame/Doubt (15m 3 y) Self Image
  (I)
• Initiative / Vs. Guilt (3 6) Self Esteem (S)
• Industry Vs. Inferiority (6-12) Self Esteem (I)
• Identity Vs. Role Diffusion (13 20)
  Personality
• Intimacy Vs. Isolation (early adult)
  Relationships
• Generativity Vs. Stagnation (m. adult) Role
  Change
• Ego Integrity Vs. Despair ( l. adult) Death

12

• Develop Stage Resolution
• Resolution Continuum
• Behavioral
• Pavlov / Skinner
• Development results from
• Learning
  Reward
• Life Exper.
  
• Observation
  Punishment

13

• Cognitive Approach
• Jean Piaget
• Thinking develops by Complex Stages (4)
• Stages are discontinuous
• Stages
• Sensori/Motor (B 3) Physical Learning
• Preoperational (3 6) Symbolic Thought/Play
• Concrete Operational (6 12) Org. Reason
• Formal Operational (12 ) Abstract Reason

14

• Dir. Learning
  
  
• Stage Progress Soc. Transmission
• Physical
  Maturity
• Thinking / Thought
• Schemas
• Assimilation Accommodation Adaptation

15
Socio Cultural Approach

• Lev Vygotsky
• Understanding / Development
• Problem Solving
• Significant Others
• Zone of Proximal Development
• X ZPD

16
Ecological Approach

• Uri Bronfenbrenner
• Levels of Environment influences Development
• 4 Levels
• Microsystems
• Mesosystems
• Exosystems
• Macrosystems

17
Prenatal Development
18
Conception

• Genetics
• 2 Types of Cells
• Somatic
• Germ (Gametes)
• Somatic Cells
• Chromosomes
• Genes
• 23rd
• Female
• Male

19
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis

• Mitosis Somatic Cells
• Cell Duplicates Exact Copy
• Meiosis Gametes
• Chromosomes ½
• Mitosis
• Begin w/46 ? 2w/46
• Meiosis
• Begin w/46 ? 2 cells w/23

20

• Genes
• Dominant
• Recessive
• Genetic Expression
• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Canalization

21
Genetic Expression

• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Canalization

22
Genetic Disorder

• Chromosomal
• Dominant Gene
• Recessive Gene
• Multi Factor

23
Genetic Counseling

• Pre Conception
• Family History
• Maternal Age
• Blood/ Skin/ Urine

24
Post Conception

• Amniocentesis
• Ultra Sound Sonography
• Chorionic Villius Sampling
• Conception

25
Prenatal Stages

• Introduction
• Fertilization
• Definition
• Zygote
• Infertility
• Definition
• Statistics
• Causes

26
Alternate Approaches To Fert. (3)

• Artificial Insemination
• In Vitro Fertilization
• Surrogate Mothers
• Results

27
Pre Natal Stages (3)
28
1. Germinal Stage

• Zygote
• Conception ? Implantation
• ( 2 weeks)
• Mitosis
• 8 Divisions
  
  
• Differentiation

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Blastocyst

• Outer Shell
• Inner Shell Outer
  Shell
• Blastocyst ? Fallopian Tube
• Fallopian ? Uterus ? Implantation

Embryonic Disk
30
2. Embryonic Stage

• Critical Stage
• Rapid Differentiation
• Outer Shell (3 Structures)
• Amniotic Sac
• Placenta
• Umbilical Cord

31
Embryonic Disk

• Folds ? 3 layers
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

32
Fetal Age of Viability Stage

• Growth Pattern in Embryonic and Fetal Stages
• 2 Fetal Growth Patterns (2)
• Cephalocaudel
• Proximodistal
• Simple Functioning/ Development

33
3. Fetal Stage (8th Birth)

• Size and Weight
• Differentiated / Operational

34
2nd Trimester (14th week-23rd week)

• 7 Major Events
• Cartilage ? Bone
• Neurons Formed
• Limbs / Fingers Move
• Facial Features
• Genitals
• Responds to Sound
• Balance

35
3rd Trimester (24th week-Birth)

• Responds to Light
• Age of Viability
• Birth Position

36
Factors Affecting Prenatal Development
37
These Factors Include

• 1. Miscarriage
• 2. Environmental Factors
• Teratogens
• Pollution
• Medicinal Drugs
• Non-medicinal drugs
• Alcohol
• FAS
• FAE
• continued

38

• Nicotine
• Caffeine
• Illicit Drugs
• 3. Maternal Condition
• Health
• Illness
• STD
• Nutrition
• Other
• Age
• Stress
• Domestic Violence

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4. Abortion

• Definition
• Reasons

40
Birth

• Fetus ? Neonate
• Labor
• Triggers
• Hormone
• Contractions
• Stages I, II, III
• Stage I
• Longest (16-24 hrs)
• Uterine Contractions
• Cervix fully open

41
Labor

• Stage II
• Approx. 90 min.
• Head ? Birth Canal
• Fetus ? Vagina Birth
• (head)
• Stage III
• 5 10 min.
• Expulsion
• Post Birth
• Crying
• APGAR

42

• Birth Complications
• Anoxia
• Pre Term
• Post Term
• Position
• Infant Mortality

43
Topic II Birth 2 years

• Physical Development
• Physical Growth
• Rapid
• Pattern
• Cephalo Caudel
• Proximal - Distal

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Sensations Perceptions

• Functionality (Sensations)
• Brain Size
• Plasticity
• Synapse Formation

45
Sensory Processes

• State
• Sleep
• S I D S
• Sensory Perception
• Measurement
• Habituation
• Dishabituation

46
Sound Perception

• Sound Distinction
• Sound Localization

47
Visual Perception

• Light Intensity
• Miopia
• Color Vision
• Binocular Vision
• Pattern Perception
• Face Perception

48

• Taste
• Smell
• Pain Touch
• Affordance

49
Motor Skills

• Reflexes
• Definition
• Value
• Tests
• Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale
• Rooting
• Palomar
• (This list continues to next slide)

50

• Babinski
• Moro
• Crawling
• Stepping

51
Gross Motor Landmarks

• Definition
• 6 mo
• 6 10 mo
• 9 mo
• 12 mo

52
Fine Motor Landmarks

• Definition
• 3 mo
• 10 12 mo
• 24 mo

53

• Nutrition
• Definition
• Energy Growth Needs
• Consequence
• Malnutrition
• Definition
• Consequences
• Breast Feeding
• Advantages
• Incidence
• Solid Food

54
Cognitive Skills

• Introduction
• Age Range Changes
• External Shift
• Object Manipulation
• Repetition
• Goal Direction
• Adaptation

55
Object Permanence

• Integration of Senses
• Intermodal Perception
• Cross Modal Perception

56
Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget
• Sensory / Motor Stage (Birth 3)
• Physical Maturity
• Greater Mobility
• Experience w/Environment
• Affordance
• Increase Cognitive Development

57
Schema Formation Expansion

• Schema
• Definition
• Schema Expansion
• Assimilation
• Adaptation
• Accommodation

58
Adaptation Schema Expansion (Networks)

• Learning States
• Equilibrium
• disequilibrium

59

• Piagets Six Substages of Sensorimotor
• Simple Reflexes (Birth 1mo)
• Innate Schemas
• Primary Circular Reaction (PCR) (1 4)
• Separate ? Integrated Acts
• Habit Repetition (Circular)
• Secondary Circular Reaction (SCR) (4 8)
• External Focus
• Vocalization
• Obj. Perman. (Begin)

60

• Coordination of SCR (8 12mo)
• Obj. Perman. Solidified
• Goal Directed Behavior
• Imitation
• Anticipation
• Tertiary Circulation Reaction (TCR) (12 18)
• Experimentation
• Integrating Schemas ? Environment
• Mental Representations (18 24)
• Symbolic Motor Activity
• Causality
• Made Believe Play
• Deferred Imitation

61
Language Development

• Behavioral Psychology
• Imitative
• Basic Characteristics (4)
• Phonology
• B/A/T C/A/T CH/A/T
• Morphology
• DESIRE UN/DESIRE
  UN/DESIR/ABLE
• Semantics
• Grammar
• Syntax
• Pragmatics

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Language Acquisition

• Pre language
• Stages (5)
• Crying Birth
• Cooing 2 mo
• Vocal Play 3 4 mo
• Babbling 6 mo
• Conversational Babbling 6 mo

63
Language Development

• Imitation
• Conversational Babbling
• Speech

64
Language Development

• Receptive Language (8mo 12)
• Gestural
• Expressive Language (12mo)
• Expressive Language Development (3 stages)
• Holophase One Word Speech
• Telegraphic Speech Two Word Speech
• Semantic Pragmatic Speech

65
Emotional/Personal/Social

• Introduction
• Innate Emotions
  Emotional Stabilizing
• Biology
  Temperament
• Societal Bonds (Genetics)
  Personality

66
Emotions Temperament

• Emotions
• Definition
• Subj
• Phy. Change Behavior
• Internal (
  ? )
• Anger 1st Emotion
• Happiness
  Attachments
• Social Smile (6 9wks)
• Fear
• 2nd Year Range
• Destination

67
Temperament

• Definition
• Disposition
• Expression
• Genetic
• Temperament
• Environment
• (Conditioning)

68
Categories of Infant Attachments

• Attachment
• Definition
• Temp. Types and Infant Attach. (3)
• Easy Baby 40
• Difficult Baby 10
• Slow To Warm Baby 15
• Consequences of Infant Temp.
• Goodness of Fit
• Adaptation

69
Basis of Attachment

• Bio Needs
• Synchrony
• Social Smile
• Goodness of Fit
• Development of Attachment (3 Phases)
• Orienting Signaling (Birth 3 mo)
• Focusing on The Individual (3 7mo)
• Secure Base

70
Evaluating Attachments Consequences

• Methodology
• Strange Situation
• Mary Ainsworth
• Levels of Attachment (4)
• Secure Attachment (70 )
• Secure Base
• Avoidant Attachment (15 20)
• Ambivalent Attachment (5 10)
• Disorganized / Disoriented Attachment

71
Conclusions

• Stability Age 5
• 5 Disposition
• Secure Positive Life Chance

72
Stranger Anxiety Separation Anxiety

• Stranger Anxiety
• Definition
• Development
• Separation Anxiety
• Definition
• Development
• Normalcy

73
Personality Development

• Personality
• Definition
• Emotion
• Experience
  Personality
• Temperament

74
Psycho Analytic / Sexual

• Introduction
• Unmet needs Conflict
• Conflict Resolution
• Or Personality
• Non Resolution

75
Personality Develops Thru Stages

• Stages Correlate To Body Parts
• Change via Maturity
• Oral Stage (B 1yr)
• Mouth Needs Gratification
• Parent ? Environment ? Trust
• Trust ? Attachment
• Anal Stage (next slide)

76
Anal Stage (1 yr 2.5)

• Control of Bowels
• Control or Societal Regulation
• Regulation
• or Self Image
• Non regulation

77
Psycho / Social( Erik Erikson)

• Introduction
• Stage I Trust Vs. Mistrust (Birth 1.5yr)
• Satisfaction of Basic Need
• Quality Vs Quantity
• Safe Secure ? Attachment
• Confidence ? Exploration
• Mistrust ? Dependency Withdrawal

78
Stage II Autonomy Vs. Shame/Doubt (1.5 3)

• Period of Emerg. Independence
• Parents Provide Compass
• Patience Latitude
• Task Success
• Autonomy Positive Self Image and
  
• Self
  Confidence
• Shame/Doubt Dependence / or
• Needy Behavior

79
Self Awareness

• Self Awareness
• Symbiotic Being
• Cognitive Development
• Subjective Self
• Cog Phy Devel.
• Individuation
• Objective Self
• (Categorical Object)

80

• Self Regulation
• Objective Self ? Self Regulation

81
Mutual Regulation

• Definition
• Communication
• (Emotion)
• Response
• Social Referencing
• Subject Self
• Sense of Agency
• Object Self
• Cog. Devel.
  Compliance
• Sense of Agency
  
• Secure Attach.
  Self Control

82

• Self Control (Rudimentary)
• Definition
• Social Awareness (Rudimentary)
• Progression
• Sense of Agency
• Concept of a Compliant Agent
• Empathy

83
Other Development Factors

• Day Care
• Introduction

84

• Types (3)
• In Home
• Definition
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Family Day Care
• Definition
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Day Care Center
• Definition
• Advantages
• disadvantages

85

• Day Care Conclusions
• Research
• Factors
• Child Abuse
• Forms
• Abuse
• Neglect
• Causes (4)
• Societal
• Familial
• Parental
• Historical (Cycle of Violence)

86
Consequences

• Developmental
• Physical
• Generational

87
Topic III- Preschooler (2-6 yrs)

• Physical Development
• Steady Growth
• Asynchronous
• Heredity
• Body Shape
• Adult Like
• Muscle / Bone Density
• Brain Development
• Growth Speed
• Left Hemisphere
• Lateralization
• Sex Differences

88
Motor Skills

• Gross Motor Skills
• Purpose
• Balance
• Walking
• Sex Differences
• Fine Motor Skills
• Development
• Sex Differences
• Nutrition
• Food Need
• Obesity

89
Cognitive Development

• Preoperational Stage (3 -6)
• Piaget
• Definition / Description
• Symbolic Thought
• Symbolic Logical Thought
• Key Inabilities (5)
• Centration
• Row A . . . . . . . . . .
• Row B . . . . . . . . . .
• Inaccuracy

90

• Conservation
• Transformation
• Pre Causal Relationships
• ( Transductive Reasoning )

91

• Ego Centric Thought
• POV
• 5y 6y
• Assimilation
• Increase
  Inabilities Fade
• Accommodation
• Fading Intuitive Thought
• Notion
  of Functionality
• Intuitive Thought
• Notion
  of Identity

92
Influence of Culture and Environment on
Intelligence

• Lev Ygotsky
• Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD )
• Definition
• Performance
• Performance
• Scaffolding
• Diagram on next slide

93

• ZPD
• 
  Genetic
• 
  Scaffolding Competence
• 
  
• Competence
• And new and wider
  ZPD

94

• Memory
• Autobiographical
• Accuracy
• Scripts
• Language
• Syntax Grammar
• Overgeneralization
• Private speech
• Social speech
• Vocabulary
• Fast Mapping
• Factors That Affect Language Development

95
Emotional Development

• Erik Erikson
• Stage III Initiative vs. Guilt ( 3y 6y )
• Intro
• Definition
• Conflict Origin
• Types of Conflict
• Vertical Relationship
• Horizontal Relationships

96
Vertical Conflicts

• Origin
• Control
• Too Much
• Too Little
• Resolution

97
Parenting Relationships / Attachments

• Introduction
• Changing Relationships
• Parenting Styles (4)
• Authoritarian
• Characteristics
• Results
• Permissive
• Characteristics
• Types
• Indifferent
• Indulgent

98

• Results
• Indifferent
• Indulgent
• Authoritative
• Characteristics
• Results
• Traditional
• Characteristics
• Paternal
• Maternal
• Results
• Final Notes on Style

99
Child Abuse

• Defined
• Causes
• Treatment (Child)
• Intervention
• Counseling
• Resilience
• Definition
• Characteristics

100
Personal Development

• Introduction
• Self Concept Self Identity
• 
  
• Self Esteem Self Awareness

101
Self Concept

• Definition
• Autobiographical Memory
• Self Esteem
• Self Concept Assessment
• Gender Identity
• Definition
• Gender Role Stereotype
• Definition

102
Gender Identity Development Gender Role Schema

• Gender I.D. Development
• Gender Schemas (3 Stages)
• Gender Identity / Identification (9mo 3yrs)
• Definition
• Origin
• Factors
• Gender Stability (3yrs 4yrs)
• Definition
• Gender Consistency (4yrs 5yrs)
• Definition

103
Personal/Social/Emotional Development

• Introduction
• Self Regulation (Control)
• Definition
• Regulation ? Co Regulation ? Self Regulation
• (Childhood)
  (Adulthood)
• Self Regulation Development
• Social Referencing
• Definition
• Interpret Others
• Predict

104

• Change Self Change Others
• Change Agents (Self)
• Mobility
• Cognition
• Understanding Expectations
• Language Development
• Goal Changes
• Self Control Factors
• Regulations Without Authority
• Impulse Control
• Internalization

105

• Personality
  Social Control
• Development
• Self Control
  Social
• Socialization
  Development

106
Peer Relationships

• Peer Relationship Play
• Value of Play
• Erikson
• Resolve Stage III Conflicts
• Define Self Concept
• Foster Initiative
• Value of Play (General)
• 1) Physical Social Skill 2) Social Roles
• 3) Sex Roles 4) Problem Solving
• 5) Preparation for School

107
Play Development Stages (5)

• Social Interaction (15m 2yrs)
• Parallel Play (2y 3y)
• Associative Play (3 4)
• Cooperative Play (4 5)
• Socio/Dramatic Play (5 6)

108
Basis of Friendship

• Early Availability
• Late Qualities

109
Moral Development

• Introduction
• Definition
• Bases
• Cognitive
• Social / Behavioral / Cognitive

110
Cognitive ( Piaget )

• Morality Moral Reasoning
• Moral Reasoning Development ( 2 Stages )
• Hetenomous Morality ( Approx 3y )
• Definition
• Origins
• Non Intentionality
• Immanent Justice
• Criticism

111
Anti Social Behavior

• Definition
• Origins
• Non Empathy
• Reduction in Self Emotional Control
• Operant Conditioning Modeling

112
Expression

• Aggression ( Bullying )
• Instrumental
• Reactive
• Relational
• Bullying

113
Behavioral / Social / Cognitive Eclectic

• Basis (3 Factors)
• Morality Conditioning
• Modeling
• Increase in Cognition ? Abstract Models
• decrease
  in Heteronomous
• Abstract Models ? Morality
• Increase is Intentionality
• Decline in Immanent Justice

114
Morality Expressions (
Manifestations)

• Forms ( 2 )
• Pro Social Behavior
• Definition
• Origins ( 3 )
• Empathy
• Innate Emotions ( Cognition )
• Positive Emotions
• Negative Emotions
• Operant Conditioning Modeling
• Parenting
• Emotional Self Regulation

115
Topic IV Middle Childhood( 6 ll )

• Physical Growth
• Growth Rate
• Variant Size
• Sex Differences
• Permanent Teeth
• Puberty
• Hormonal Changes
• Motor Development
• Fine Motor
• Increase
• Myelin
• Practice

116

• Gross Motor Skills
• Increase in Reaction Time
• Muscle Development
• Practices
• Health Issues
• General Health
• Acute Vs. Chronic Illness
• Major Issues
• Obesity
• Definition
• Incidents
• Etiologies
• Results

117

• Asthma
• Definition
• Incidence
• Triggers
• Emotional ( Psychological ) Health
• Depression
• Symptoms
• Incidence
• Treatment
• Special Needs Children
• Introduction
• Definition

118
Major Categories ( 4 )

• Visual Impairment
• Blindness
• Types
• Auditory Impairments
• Definition
• Age Factor
• Speech Impairments
• Definition
• Stuttering
• Definition
• Etiology
• Treatment

119

• Learning Disabilities
• Introduction
• Definition
• Dyslexia
• Definition
• Causes
• Treatment

120
Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Definition
• Causes
• Treatment
• Drug
• Therapy

121
Cognitive Development

• Stage III Concrete Operational ( 7 12 )
• Piaget
• Introduction
• Great Leap Forward
• Real Objects
• Logic applied to
  Concrete
• Real Events
• Rules
• Logic applied to
  Operational
• Strategies
• Symbols

122
Concrete Operational StageWhat a Child Can Do

• The Three Concrete Operational Qualities
• Decentration
• Reversibility
• Notion of Identity
• Spatial Reasoning
• Why Basic
• Decrease in Centration

123
Basic Element Summary

• Notion of Identity Decentration
  Decline
• ?Reversibility
  in
• Notion of Functionality Spacial Reasoning
  Centration

124
Main Element

• Conversation
• Definition
• Expansion
• Categorization
• Seriation
• Categorization Increased
• ?
  ? Prioritization
• Seriation Conservation

125

• Prioritization ? Ability to plan
• Ability to plan ? Abstract Thought

126
Information Processing ( Memory )

• Significant Improvement
• Schema Network Expansion
• Brain Maturation
• Focus
• Planfulness
• Hierarchy of Importance
• Affordance
• Elaboration
• Chunking
• Schema relationships
• Meta Memory

127
Language Development

• Vocabulary Increases
• Improvements in Grammar, Syntax and Pragmatics
• Language Behavior
• Bi lingualism
• Immersion
• Benefits

128
Personal / Social / Moral Development

• Personal Development
• Definition Dimensions
• Family ? Interlocking Dimensions
• Self
• Surface ? Inner
• Stage IV Industry Vs. Inferiority
• Erik Erikson

129
Introduction

• Self ? Dimensions
• Positive Resolution Self Esteem
• ( Positive Self Image)
• Negative Resolution Inferiority Pessimism
• Self Concept ? Refined Solidified

130
Self Esteem

• Critical Period
• Segmented
• Definition
• Positive Aspects
• Negative Aspects
• Cycle of Failure
• Period Self Esteem

131
Components of Self Esteem ( 2 )

• Social Comparisons
• Downward Social Comparisons
• Attribution
• Definition

132

• Ability to Perform
• Attribution
  ? Self Esteem
  
• Social Comparison
• 
  Looping
• Attribution can be Positive or Negative
• 
  

133
Positive

• Mastery Orientation
• Definition
• Achievement Motivation
• Definition
• Confidence
• Looping

134
Negative

• Learned Helplessness
• Definition
• Fixture of Character
• Looping

135
Support For Positive Self Esteem

• Attribute Retaining
• Self Efficacy
• Mastery Vs. Grades
• Encouragement
• Minimize Comparisons
• Credit for Success
• Non Personal Corrections

136
Social RelationshipFamily

• Parents
• Time
• Regulation ? Co Regulation
• Definition
• Factors
• Cognition
• Internalization
• Attachments
• Parenting Style
• Parents Vs. Social Comparison

137
Siblings

• General
• Sibling Rivalry
• Birth Order
• First
• Middle
• Later
• Only Child
• Other Family Issues

138
Self Care ( Latch Key )

• Emotions
• Self Esteem
• Divorce
• Statistics
• Adjustment Issues
• Outcomes
• Blended Family
• Definition
• Adjustment Issues

139
Peer Social Relationships

• Social Cognition
• Definition
• Formation
• Compliant Increase in Cognition
• Agency Social Interaction
  Social Cognition
• Operant Conditioning

140

• Social Cognition
• 
  
  Appropriate
• Cognitive Development Social Strategy
  Emotional Adjustment Social
• 
  
  Behavior
• Personality Development
• Appropriate Social Behavior ? True
  Friendship

141
Peer Relationship Development

• Value of Peers
• Peer Group Development Stages (3)
• William Damon
• Stage I (4y 7y)
• Mirror Image
• Proximity ? Ability To Share
• Personal Charact. Minimal

142

• Stage II (7y 10y)
• Personal Traits Increase
• Operant Conditioning ? Reward
• Trust Begins
• Stage III (10y)
• Trust ? Intimacy Loyalty
• Closeness
• Disclosure
• Loyalty ? Exclusivity

143
Begin Stage III

• Refinement
• Gender Segregation
• Deepening
• Family Vs. Peer Group

144
Gender Segregation

• Peer Group
• Definition
• Exclusivity ? Peer Groups
• Peer Group ? Gender Specific
• Gender Differences

145
Male Peer Groups

• Larger
• Hierarchy / Shared Activities
• Fluid Sub Groups
• Less Stable
• Female Peer Groups
• Small
• Best Friends
• Intimacy Trust

146
Popularity

• Introduction
• Exclusivity
• Definition
• Characteristics (2)
• Social Competence
• Definition
• Basis
• Traits
  Interrelated
• Social Problem Solving
• Definition
• Basis
• Social Competence/Problem Solving can be taught

147
Unpopularity

• Definition
• Consequences
• General
• Bullying

148
Emotional / Moral Development

• Emotional Development
• (Piaget)
• Cogn. Devel. Lang. Devel. Parent. Style
  Emot. Reg.
• 
  Oper. Condit. Co-Self Reg
• Pers. Devel. Self Esteem Peer Interact.
  Soc. Beh.
• (Erikson)

149

• Emot. Reg.
• Co Self Reg. Emot. Stabil. Proper Response
  to Stimuli
• Soc. Beh.

150
Moral Development

• Definition
• Introduction
• Progression Levels (3) Lawrence Kohlberg
• Continuum
• Level I (3y) Level II (12y)
  Post Conventional (12)
• Stage I Stage II
  Stage IV
• Pre Conventional -Conventional
  -Morality of Contract
• Obedience -Internalization
  -Rules Reg.
• Expect. are met - Approval
  - Agreement
• Gain rewards - Respect
• Avoid punish. Stage III -
  Modification
• Oper. Condit. - Maint. Soc. Order
  (Stage V on next slide)

151

• Stage I Stage II Stage V ( written
  under Modification in last column)
• Universal Ethics
• Personal
• Conflict
• Heteronomous Morality
• 
  Distributive
  
• Immanent Justice
  Justice

152
Distributive Justice

• Definition
• Progression Continuum
• Equity
• Merit
• Special Needs
• Special Needs
• Merit
• Equity

153
School Environment

• Importance
• Time
• Adult Authority Figure
• Social Comparisons
• Importance Factors ? Self Esteem
• Pride
• Shame
• Teacher Expectancy Effect
• Definition
• Self Fulfulling Prophecy
• Transmission
• Effect

154
Topic V- Adolescence (11-20yrs)

• Introduction
• Physical Development
• Physical Changes
• Females
• Males

155

• Puberty
• Definition
• Introduction
• Hormonal Activities
• Primary Sex Characteristics
• Secondary Sex Characteristics

156
Primary Secondary Sex Characteristics

• Primary Sex Characteristics
• Females
• Menarche
• Males
• Spermarche
• Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Females
• Males

157
Effects of Puberty (Females/Males)

• General
• Females
• Teen Pregnancy
• Statistics
• Consequences
• Prevention
• Males
• Early Maturing
• Late Maturing
• Final Notes

158
Other Issues

• Nutrition/Early Disorders
• STD
• Risk Behavior

159
Cognitive Development

• Introduction
• Piaget Process
• Peak Function

160
Piaget- Formal Operational Thought

• Introduction
• Key Elements (3)
• Abstract Thought
• Prepositional Thought
• Symbolic Thought
• Systematic Problem Solving
• Logical Thought
• Hypothetic- deductive reasoning
• Advance Problem Solving

161

• Post Formal Thought
• Piaget and Beyond
• Post Formal Thought Characteristics
• Adaptive Cognition
• Acceptance of Contradiction
• Dialectical Thinking
• Problem Solving and Problem Finding
• Expertise
• Creativity
• Final Thoughts on Cognitive Development

162
Information Processing Model

• Introduction
• Variation of Piaget
• Brain Development
• Schemas Develop
• Meta Cognition
• Cognitive Self Regulation

163
Personal/ Emotional/ Social Development

• Introduction
• Individuation
• Ruthellen Josselyn
• Differentiation
• Experimentation
• Rapproachment
• Consolidation

164
Cognitive Development

• Introduction
• Prefrontal Lobe Growth
• Cognitive Development Conflict

165
Origin of Conflict (3)

• 1. Intellectual
• Academic
• Abstract
  Personal
• Independent Environment
  Striving For
• 2. Physical
  Emotional Maturity
• Adult Size New Expectations
  Personal Economic
• 3. Sexuality
  Independence

166
Formal OperationsStage IV (Piaget)

• Introduction
• Last Stage Most Controversial
• Formal Operations Elements (3)
• Abstract Thinking
  Experience
• Prepositional Thought
• Imagine Future Consequence
• Idealized Thought
• Symbolic Thought
• Symbolic Problem Solving
• Methodologies Alternatives

Inc r e as i ng
167

• Logical Thought Experience
• Formal Operations
• Metacognition
• Hypothetic Deductive
• Reasoning
• Advanced Problem Solving

I n c r e a s i n g
168
Information Processing Model

• Piaget
• Brain Develop. ? Capacity Increases ? Attention
• Focuses ? Speed Increase
• Schemas Develop
• Expand
• Knowledge begets Knowledge

169

• Cognition Develops
• Ability to think about the thinking process
• Modify it Develop effective Problem Solving
  strategies
• Cognitive Self Regulation
• Moment to moment monitoring, evaluation, and
  redirection of thinking

170
Personal/ Emotional/ Social Development

• Introduction
• Who am I
• Identity Shift ( Outer ? Inner )
• Personality Development
• Ruthellen Josselson
• Adolescence Search For Individuation
• Individuation 4 Stages
• Differentiation ( 11 13 )
• Experimentation ( 14 16 )
• Identity Search
• Rectitude ( Idealized Thought )
• Lack of Caution

171

• Rapproachment ( 16 18 )
• Bargain / Challenge / Conciliation
• Consolidation ( 18 )
• Solidification
• Interdependence

172
Stage V Identity Vs Role Diffusion / Confusion

• Identity
• Well Organized Concept of Self
• Values
• Beliefs Commitment
• Goals

173

• Change Ungluing
• Cognitive
• Physical Types of Change
• Sexual
• Ungluing Confusion and Conflict
• Confusion / Conflict Moritorium
• Moritorium

174

• Childhood ? Ungluing ? Moritorium
• 
  Diffusion
• 
  Unsuccessful ?
• 
  Moritorium
• Moritorium ? Exploration
• Successful ? Integrated View of
• 
  Self

175
Diffusion Results

• Avoidance of Closeness
• Time Diffusion Negative
• Industry Diffusion Identity

176
Integrated View of Self

• Acceptance of Changes
• Cognitive
• Physical
• Sexual
• Personal Identity Direction
• Integrated View of Self Factors
• Proper Guidance Encouragement
• Economics
• Cultural Experiences

177
Personality Identity Status (James Marcia)

• Introduction
• Adolescence Identity Development
• 2 parts
• Crisis
• Commitment
• Crisis Commitment
• Lack of
  Commitment
• 4 Statuses

178

• Moritorium
• Crisis in Progress
• Redefinition
• Failure to Define ? Anxiety Conflict
• or Choose
• Identity Foreclosure ( Premature Commitment )
• Commitment w/o Crisis
• Acceptance w/o Exploration
• Results in
• Dogmatic
• Intolerant
• Inflexible

179

• Identity Diffusion
• Exploration ? No Commitment
• Possible Start or End of a Crisis
• Results in
• No firm Sense of Self
• External Locus of Control
• Drug use Crime
• Identity Achievement
• Crisis ? Commitment
• Results
• Firm Sense of Self Moral Reasoning

180

• Crisis Moritorium
  Foreclosure Role Diffusion
• Diffusion and/or
• 
  Crisis Continues
• Achievement Commitment
• Commitment ? Proper Support
• Too Much Pressure ? Premature Adoption
• Negative Adoption
• Too Little Role Diffusion (Continued Crisis)

I d e n t i t y
181
Commitment Environment

• Parents
• Peers
• Economics
• Circumstances

182
Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg
• Review
• Level I-Preconventional
• Level II-Conventional
• Level III (12 )
• Stage IV Morality of Contract
• Rules Regulations Moral Contract
• Individual Rights
• Democratically Accept Laws
• Modification

183
Stage VI Morality of Conscious

• Universal ethics and principles
• Ethics Principles Transcends Societal Rules and
  Regulations (Laws)
• Ethics of Disobedience

184
Distributive Justice

• Definition
• Continuum
• Distributive Justices Special Needs
  Level III
• Immanent Justice Merit
  Level II
• Heteronomous Justice Equality
  Level I

185
Final Notes

• Moral Progression
• Concrete ? Abstract
• Relationship between
• Morals Eriksons Conflicts
• Morality is based on Practicality
• Practicality Cognition
• Experience

186
Development of Emotional Self

• Introduction
• Cognition (Piaget)
• 
  Emotional
• Personal Self (Josselyn, Marcia Erikson)
  Self
• Emotional Self ? Emotional Self Regulation
• Emotional Self Regulation ? Emotional Stability

187
Emotional Development

• Cognition ? Metacognition
• Metacognition ? Egocentric Thought
• 
  or
• Egocentrism

188

• Egocentrism Self
  Absorption
• Lack of Experience Lack of Logic
• Behavioral Results
• Critical Behavior
  Rebellious
• Unwillingness to Accept
• Criticism
  Argumentative
• Fault Finding
  Behavior

189
Egocentrism ? Perceptual Distortions (2)

• Imaginary Audiences
• Focus of Attention
• Results
• Impulsive Behavior
• Concern w/ Appearance
• Cliquishness
• Personal Fable
• Distorted Personal Image
• Uniqueness

190

• Imaginary Audiences
  Health/Life
• Heroic
  Compromising
• Personal Fable Image
  Behavior

191
Decline of Egocentrism

• Cognition
  Coherent System
• 
  of
• Personal Development
  Self
• Segmentation New/Diverse
  Measurement
• Self Esteem

192
Peer Groups

• Role of Peers
• Role Clarification
• Value Classification
• Buffer Support
• Breakdown of Egocentrism
• Vehicle of Transition

193
Types of Peer Groups (2)

• Cliques
• Definition
• Gender (Sex) Cleavage ? Mixed Groups
• Purpose
• Crowds
• Definition
• Purpose
• Late Adolescence and Peer Groups

194
Peer Pressure and The Generation Gap

• Definitions
• Peer Pressure
• Generation Gap
• Effect
• Formidable Vs. Less Formidable
• Rationale

195
Family Relationship (Parents)

• Autonomy Vs. Connection Attachments
• Introduction
• Characteristics
• Autonomy

196
Types of Autonomy (4)

• Functional
• Attitudinal
• Emotional
• Conflictual

197
Paradigm Shift

• Asymmetrical Balanced
• Gradual
• Final Notes

198
Psychological Issues

• Depression
• Maj. Depressive Disorder Vs. Dysthemia
• Definition
• Incidence
• Causes
• Males Vs. Females
• Suicide
• Introduction
• Cluster Suicide
• Causes / Risks
• Signs

Slide 199