Constitutional Underpinnings Unit 1

1
Constitutional UnderpinningsUnit 1

• AP US Government Politics

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Word Association

• Define government.
• What ideas come to mind?
• Define politics.
• What ideas come to mind?
• Do these words have a more positive or negative
  connotation in your view?

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Can we be hopeful about politics?
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A neutral view of politics

• Harold D. Lasswell
• Who gets what, when, and how. (and where)
• All of us are political, were just not used to
  calling it that. You dont have to take a class
  to get politics. Aristotle was correct when he
  wrote, Man is by nature a political animal.

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Political Power

• Power ability of one person to cause another
  person to obey them
• Authority the legal (constitutional in our
  case) right to use power
• Legitimacy what makes the law or leader worthy
  of being obeyed (was the election fair? Is the
  leader abusing your rights?)

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Learning Target 1A

• Describe the role that Greek, Roman and
  Enlightenment philosophy played in the
  development American political thought and the
  creation of our founding documents

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Ancient Greece

• First civilization to break away from
  totalitarian rule and embrace democracy.
• Demos means people and kratos means rule or
  authority.
• Athenian men voted in the Assembly they used the
  secret ballot, served on committees and juries,
  and performed military service.
• This form of direct democracy has never been
  practiced to such a full extent since.

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Roman Empire

• Stretching from England to the Persian Gulf at
  its peak, Rome evolved from a monarchy to a
  limited representative democracy, to totalitarian
  state.
• Patricians (fathers) controlled the Roman
  Senate and the lower classes had their own less
  powerful representatives.
• The Romans contributed two major achievements to
  the story of democracy a system of Codified
  Laws and a focus on Citizenship.

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Roman Code of Laws

• The Laws of the Twelve Tables governed the Roman
  Empire.
• It was broken down into two parts Public Law and
  Private Law.
• Public Law focused on the Roman state.
• Private Law focused on the behavior of the
  individual.
• The test of any law was what a person of common
  sense and good faith would know to be right.

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Feudalism

• After the collapse of the Roman Empire around 450
  A.D., a period of chaos reigned only to be
  soothed by the rise of the Catholic church in
  Europe.
• Feudalism emerged out of this, as well as the
  Crusades, in which Christians fought to gain back
  the Holy Land in the Middle East.
• The Lord of the Manor would rule over the lives
  of the serfs, who worked to make each manor as
  self-sufficient as possible.
• Knights served the Lord and fought to maintain
  prestige and to protect the manor and the castle.
• Serfs were bound to the soil and unable to gain
  any higher social standing. They were not
  educated and religious life was on the manor was
  controlled by the priest.

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Renaissance

• Development of intellect and curiosity through
  artistic and scientific achievement.
• The printing press and use of the vernacular
  (native language instead of Latin) - more people
  to want to learn to read in their native
  language.
• Sea exploration to Asia and America - exposure of
  new ideas and cultures, as well as financial
  benefit (ownership of colonies and Mercantilist
  Theory).
• Curiosity beget more curiosity and people begin
  to question authority, especially that of the
  Pope, hence the Protestant Reformation.
• Divine Right of Kings was questioned by
  Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke,
  Montesquieu, and Voltaire.

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Monty Python the Holy Grail

• Dennis the Filth Peasant Meets King Arthur
  hilarity ensues!
• https//m.youtube.com/watch?v6ntPUq8K4wk

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Machiavelli

• Machiavellis name is synonymous with tough and
  dirty politics (machiavellian)
• Author of The Prince. One of historys first
  political scientists.

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Machiavelli Quotes

• The ends justify the means.
• It is better to be feared than loved.
• By no means can a prudent ruler keep his word.
  Because all men are bad and do not keep promises
  to you, you likewise do not have to keep your
  promises to them.

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Thomas Hobbes The Leviathan

• Imagined what a life without government would
  look like, he painted a bleak picture in which
  there would be
• no industry no culture no navigation, no
  imports no building no knowledge no account of
  time no arts no letters no society and
  continual fear of danger and violent death
• and the life of man (shall be) solitary, poor,
  nasty, brutish, and short.
• aka The Purge (?)
• One absolute ruler would take care of all, and by
  agreeing to be governed, you agree to the rules
  made by the ruler - give up freedom for safety
  and protection

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Social Contract Theory

• The only valid government is one based on the
  consent of the governed. John Locke
• Rulers and citizens enter into an agreement, or a
  social contract which can changed or abolished if
  the ruler abuses the people
• Government by the people, masses
• Enlightenment view of natural law which gives
  one the right be free because we were created by
  God
• The ruler should protect God-given rights. But
  what if the social contract is broken? Must man
  obey the ruler?

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Lockes influence on the US

• Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
  their just powers from the consent of the
  governed, --That whenever any Form of Government
  becomes destructive of these ends, it is the
  Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,
  and to institute new Government, laying its
  foundation on such principles and organizing its
  powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
  likely to effect their Safety and Happiness
• Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence
• The King and Parliament broke the social
  contract so it made our revolution, in our view,
  morally and politically right.

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Declaration of Independence

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vjYyttEu_NLU
• Morgan Freeman and other Hollywood folks read the
  Declaration in dramatic fashion!

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Learning Target 1B

• 1B - Explain the following concepts and identify
  multiple examples of each concept throughout
  history
• separation of powers
• checks and balances
• popular sovereignty
• limited government
• federalism
• judicial review
•  

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Madisonian Principles of Govt in the Constitution

• Checks and Balances a system where branches
  have some authority over others as a way to avoid
  one branch from becoming to tyrannical
• Federalism division of power between central
  (national) government and individual states
• Judicial Review The Supreme Courts power to
  declare actions by the legislative or executive
  branch, or an individual state, unconstitutional

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Madisonian Principles of Govt in the Constitution

• Popular Sovereignty power to govern belongs to
  the people, govt based on the consent of
  governed
• Limited Government govt is not all-powerful,
  and it does only what citizens allow
• Separation of Powers division of govt between
  branches executive, legislative and judicial

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Can the masses govern effectively?

• Direct Democracy citizens create/vote on laws
• Problems
• 1. Impractical for reasons of time, expertise
• How do you get 300 million people to vote
  multiple times per day on issues they no nothing
  about?
• 2. Masses of people make unwise decisions based
  on emotions (rememberthe Nazis and Hitler were
  elected fair and square!!)
• The masses are turbulent and changing and seldom
  judge or determine right. -Alexander Hamilton

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Representative Democracy (Republic)

• Citizens elect representatives to governmental
  positions
• Govt is the MEDIATOR between multiple viewpoints
• Will of the people (WotP) ? Common interest
  (CI)
• EX. (WotP) Congress shouldnt spend so much money
  our debt is too high already!!
• vs. (CI) BUTthe Brent Spence Bridge on I-75
  needs to be rebuilt because it is a main artery
  of US commerce.
• Reps are educated on issues by other Reps.,
  staffers, lobbyists and constituents.
• Good News/Bad News - Prevents fast, sweeping
  changes
• More Good News/Bad News - Minority rights more
  likely to be protected

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What makes a Democracy?

• Urofskys Root Principles of Democracy
• argues that there are 11 principles and 3
  overarching themes that contributed to the
  evolution of American democracy

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Learning Target 1C

• 1C - Differentiate among the following theories
  of governance and debate their merits and
  shortcomings
• Pluralist
• Elite
• Hyperpluralist
• Marxist
• Bureaucratic
• Majoritarian
• Trustee vs. Representative model
• Politico (not the website)

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Pluralism

1. Modern society consists of many groups (ex.
   Economic, religious, cultural, ethnic.) that
   compete with each other to achieve goals
2. Groups that influence govt, work hard, and have
   largest membership get what they want
3. Even if the average citizen does not keep up with
   politics, their interests will be protected by
   their group. (EX. The NRA protects all gun
   owners not just their members many folks are
   free riders.)
4. Groups must COMPROMISE to achieve goals

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Pluralism
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More on the Pluralist view
But on the other hand
We are pluralist because

• Relatively low numbers of people join interest
  groups.
• Poor citizens have less opportunity to join
  interest groups or contribute to them.
• One cant assume that group decisions are always
  in the best interest of the nation.

• There is no unified majority in the US that
  always acts together.
• Govt leaders must please groups to gain votes
  and money to be reelected.
• Groups must compete for govt services and
  favorable laws.

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Elite Theory

• Those who control the economic system control the
  political system and the citizenry.
• Politicians require massive funding to win
  elections, and rely on corporations to supply
  them. Lawmaking is influenced by cash as well.

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Elitism in Politics

• Elitism is constitutional

• But then again.

• Inequalities in wealth do not give everyone a
  fair chance to compete in the marketplace of
  ideas.
• Only those with the most money can have their
  ideas heard and good ideas are often silenced as
  a result.
• Limiting the influence of corporate money in the
  political process protects the rights of the
  minority, in this case, those without large sums
  of cash to donate.
• CENTRAL QUESTION
• Is the Supreme Court right to interpret use of
  money as a form of free speech?

• Free speech is a First Amendment right giving
  your hard earned money to a candidate or company
  is a form of free speech your money does the
  talking.
• Corporations have the same free speech rights as
  individuals (Citizens United v. FEC 2010).
• Whether you buy a Big Mac or an iMac, you are
  implying you support the company and their
  business practices with your purchase. Your
  money does your talking.
• In a capitalistic free market society, government
  should not interfere with the marketplace.

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Hyperpluralism

• Pluralism on steroids
• Too many competing voices total results in
  gridlock of government
• Society lacks the cohesion necessary to force
  compromise
• Impossible to agreupon what is in the common
  interest so consequently, very little gets done

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Marxism
Friedrich Engels (l) and Karl Marx (r) The
League of Distinguished Bearded Gentlemen
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Marxist Theory

• More of an economic and sociological theory, it
  argues that government operates to benefit the
  business owner (bourgeoisie) at the expense of
  the worker (proletariat)
• Sees class struggle as history's driving force
  the haves vs. have-nots
• Sees capitalism-based elitism as antithetical to
  true democracy
• Think of the Occupy Wall Street movement

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Bureaucracy

• Large, complex organization of appointed, not
  elected, officials.
• bureau French for small desks, referring to
  the kings traveling business men who set up
  small desks in town squares
• Bureaucracy government of small desks

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Max Weber

• Famous early 20th century economist, German
• Bureaucracy well organized, complex machine
  that is a rational way for society to organize
  its business

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Weber Bureaucratic Theory

• Characteristics
• Hierarchical authority structure chain of
  command
• Task specialization individuals have unique
  jobs, division of labor
• Extensive rules clear policies for the
  organization to follow
• Clear goals clearly defined mission
• Merit principle hiring and promotion based on
  qualities, no jobs for favors
• Impersonality performance judged on
  productivity

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Majoritarian Theory

• Argues that leaders are forced to follow the
  wishes of the people because majority rules
• There are more of us (the voters) than of
  them (the politicians)
• The classical theory of democracy in which
  government by the people is interpreted as
  government by the majority of the people

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Edmund Burke

• an Irish political philosopher, writer,
  parliamentarian and intellectual
• changed his views often throughout his life
  from anarchism to traditionalist conservatism.
• he is claimed by people on both the left- and
  right-wings as one of their own
• Trustee/Delegate model

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Delegate/Trustee/Politico

• Delegate Model - Legislators should adhere to the
  will of their constituents, even if they disagree
  with them
• Trustee Model - Legislators should consider the
  will of the people but act in ways that they
  believe are best for the long-term interest of
  the nation
• Politico Model - Legislators should follow their
  own judgment (that is, act like a trustee) until
  the public becomes vocal about a particular
  matter, at which point they should follow the
  dictates of constituents

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A Reminder

• These are only theories. They are peoples
  perception of our democracy and the way it
  functions.
• Which theory is correct???
• Pluralist most popular today
• Majoritarian popular pre-1950s
• Elite increasing (especially after the Citizens
  United case)
• Bureaucratic govt spending more than ever
  before just to run itself not going away any
  time soon
• ex. - Department of Homeland Security was
  developed after 9/11.
• ex. - When Obamacare comes to full fruition,
  bureaucracy will get even bigger and more
  specialized
• ALL ARE CORRECT OR INCORRECT DURING DIFFERENT
  HISTORICAL ERAS.

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Learning Target 1E

• 1E Outline the arguments for independence as
  presented in the Declaration of Independence (and
  the film 1776)

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British Colonial Rule
Unitary System all power flows from one central
government
Powerful British Government
Political Subunits (Colonies)
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Declaration Outline

• Introduction - When in the course of human
  events
• Preamble We hold these truths Social
  Contract theory natural rights/law
• Indictment (accusations) He has
• Denunication - Nor have we been wanting
  criticism of lack of British support to
  peacefully negotiate
• Conclusion We, therefore include s the
  Virginia Resolution on Independence (shown in
  film)

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Learning Target 1F

• 1F - Delineate the strengths and weaknesses of
  the Articles of Confederation and why, to a large
  degree, it was abandoned

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Articles of Confederation
1781 1789 RIP
Confederate System power concentrated in
political subunits (states) with a weak central
government (typically unite for a common goal)
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Articles of Confederation

• 1781-1789
• Original American govt system
• Weak central govt
• Individual and state liberties not threatened
• No executive (they hated kings)
• Confederacies are usually unstable

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A of C Weaknesses

• Article II Each state retains its sovereignty,
  freedom, and independence. Govt has no control
• Unicameral Congress (one house) with one vote per
  state
• Supermajority (9 of 13) to pass a law
• Supermajority (13 of 13) to amend
• No Executive (No President), no central authority
• No Federal Judiciary (No Supreme Court), no
  central law
• No control of taxation, commerce between states
  or with foreign nations, money system

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Shays Rebellion

• Colonies were in debt after the war, central
  govt tried to raise taxes
• Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled against
  tax they could not afford
• Rebelled against foreclosures, forced judges out
  of court, freed debtors from jail
• Showed that national govt was weak, needed to
  seek a stronger national govt

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Learning Target 1G

• 1G - Describe the major revisions that were made,
  and the compromises that were struck, at the
  Constitutional Convention. What were the great
  silences what was left out? Why?

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The Constitutional Convention

• 1787
• Revising the A of C
• Demographics of Delegates
• -55 delegates (none from RI)
• -33 Lawyers
• -half were college graduates
• -7 former governors
• -7 plantation owners
• -8 business leaders
• -age 26-81 (avg. age 42)
• -all male, all white

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Two Revision Plans

• Virginia Plan
• Favored large states
• Strong central government
• Bicameral (two house) legislature larger house
  elected by the people (House of Representatives,
  and a smaller house that was selected by larger
  house (Senate)
• (This would change in the 17th Amendment)

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Two Revision Plans

• New Jersey Plan
• Agreed with strong central governmentBUT
• Congress would be unicameral (one house) with
  states having equal votes
• Did not want large population states to dominate
  the legislature

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Great Compromise

• A bicameral legislature in which the House of
  Representatives membership apportioned according
  to the state populations, plus 3/5 the slave
  population
• An upper house, the Senate, which would have two
  members from each state, elected by the state
  legislature (popularly elected today)

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Three-fifths Compromise

• Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 of the
  slave population in each state to balance the
  power of North and South

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Constitution
Federal System powers are divided and/or shared
between state and central governments (Current
govt designed by framers)
Central US government
State governments
56
Or the Venn Diagram
WDC
Both
Frankfort KY
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Amending the Constitution

• Meant to be difficult
• Require action from national and state gov
• Amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of
  Congress and ratified (accepted) in at least ¾ of
  state legislatures

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Fed vs. Anti-Fed

• Ratification formal approval
• Federalist in favor of adoption of US
  Constitution creating a federal union and strong
  central government
• Anti-Federalist opposed to ratification in
  1787, opposed to strong central government

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Federalist Papers

• Annoyingly hard to read
• Best political theory ever written in US
• Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
  John Jay
• Publius
• Convince public for ratification

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Federalist 10FACTION

• Madison addresses biggest fear of govt
• Faction a group in a legislature or political
  party acting together in pursuit of some special
  interest (think fraction ½, 1/3, etc)
• Founding fathers were concerned that our
  government would be ripped apart
• Madison defends our national Constitution

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Federalist 10 FACTIONS

• Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny
• Each branch of government keeps the other two
  from gaining too much power
• A republic guards against irresponsible direct
  democracy or common passions
• Factions will always exist, but must be managed
  to not destroy the system.

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Federalist 51

• Madison said factions will always be present and
  that the only way to counteract the effects of
  factions is to have numerous factions.
• Even if individuals mingle with other members of
  the same social groups, ideals, and goals, no
  faction can become large enough to overthrow all
  other factions in a well-run democracy.
• If men were angels, no government would be
  necessary.
• Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.

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Federalist 78

• Hamilton says that the Judiciary branch of the
  proposed government would be the weakest of the
  three
• It had "no influence over either the sword or the
  purse, ...It may truly be said to have neither
  FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment."
• Federal judiciary has the power to determine
  whether statutes are constitutional, and to find
  them invalid if in conflict with the
  Constitution.
• This principle of judicial review was affirmed by
  the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v.
  Madison (1803).

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Anti-Fed Response

• Central govt would threaten liberty
• Aristocratic tyranny could happen
• States power was too limited (as compared to A of
  C )
• Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and
  liberty

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Bill of Rights

• 10 amendments to the Constitution (originally 12
  - 2 of them didnt get ratified)
• guaranteed individual freedoms and rights
• limited power of national government, guaranteed
  rights to states
• Ratified in 1789, Bill of Rights added 1791

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Learning Target 1H

• 1H - Differentiate between the Necessary and
  Proper Clause and the Reserved Powers Clause
  (and the other names they go by) of the U.S.
  Constitution and explain the fundamental
  contradiction between these two concepts as
  debated by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas
  Jefferson.
• SOCRATIC SEMINAR DISCUSSION IN CLASS

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Learning Target 1I

• 1I - Explain the conceptual differences of the
  following terms related to Federalism and how we
  see these play out in todays political climate
• Dual Federalism
• Cooperative Federalism
• Devolution
• Grants-in-aid (Block and Categorical)
• Mandates (especially unfunded mandates)
• Revenue sharing

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Disaster Relief

• Whos job was it to clean up New Orleans and the
  rest of the coast after Katrina?

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No Child Left Behind

• Should the national govt step in to regulate
  school performance?

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What is Federalism?

• Federalism Two or more governments exercise
  power and authority over the same people in the
  same territory
• OR the relationship between the federal
  government (circle) and the state governments
  (squares)

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Constitution
Federal System powers are divided and/or shared
between state and central governments (Current
govt designed by framers)
Central US government
State governments
72
Or the Venn Diagram
WDC
Both
Frankfort KY
73
Federalist 51

• Defends the Constitution
• Explains why a strong govt is necessary
• If men were angels, no government would be
  necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither
  external nor internal controls on government
  would be necessary.
• Defends separation of powers between state and
  national govt

74
Powers

• Delegated Powers (enumerated powers) powers
  specifically given to Fed govt by Constitution
  (Article I Section 8)
• Reserved Powers powers reserved, or set aside,
  to the states (10th Amendment)
• Concurrent Powers shared (middle of the Venn)
• Prohibited Powers denied from both (Article I
  Sections 9 10)

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Elastic Clause

• Aka Necessary and Proper Clause or Implied
  Powers Clause
• Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 18 - "The Congress shall have
  Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary
  and proper for carrying into Execution the
  foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by
  this Constitution in the Government of the United
  States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."
• Impossible to predict all powers Congress will
  need to function, sometimes we might have to
  allow Congress extra powers to fulfill their
  delegated powers

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Background
• Bank of the US operated in Maryland
• Maryland did not want BoUS to operate in state,
  competition unwanted, unfair
• Maryland taxed the bank to put it out of business
• McCulloch, BoUS employee, refused to pay the
  state tax

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Is a Bank of the US Constitutional?
• Remember, this is the same bank Hamilton lobbied
  for!
• YES. The national govt has certain implied
  powers that go beyond delegated powers. US needs
  a national bank (implied power) for borrowing,
  lending, holding minted money, etc. (delegated
  powers)

78
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Can a state tax the federal govt?
• -NO. The federal govt is supreme. Since the
  BoUS is constitutional, only the feds may tax it.
• -John Marshall reaffirmed both the Supremacy
  Clause and Elastic Clause
• -National (Federal) Gov gets STRONGER

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Commerce clause

• Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 3 The Congress shall have
  power - To regulate commerce with foreign
  nations, and among the several states, and with
  the Indian tribes.
• Congress has used the elastic clause to stretch
  this power
• What is commerce? Buying and selling of goods
  and services.
• Congress given the power to regulate commerce
  between foreign countries and US as well as state
  to state they control business law.

80
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• 1824 aka The Steamboat Case
• Ogden received a NY state licensed monopoly to
  run a ferry across the Hudson River
• Gibbons also saw the potential of the traffic
  between NJ and NY and obtained a federal license.
• Ogden sued saying he had the valid NY state
  license, even though Gibbons had US license

81
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• Result Gibbons wins
• Expanded national power in all areas of commerce
  law because the federal government overruled the
  state in interstate trade issues
• Again, the Fed Govt gets STRONGER
• All trade today is primarily controlled by
  national law

82
Commerce Clause

• Who cares? Why is it important?
• Gibbons v. Ogden ruling makes a loop hole giving
  Congress power to take control over any issue
  involving the movement of people, or things
• Health care? Controlled substances? Pollution?
  Education? What else?
• Fed govt power increased GREATLY
• But Congress has overreached at times

83
United States v. Lopez (1995)

• 1995 Gun Free School Zone law banned
  possession of a firearm within 1000 feet of a
  school - 12 year old Lopez carried a gun on to
  the property
• Declared law unconstitutional nothing to do
  with commerce carrying a weapon through a
  school zone is too much of a stretch for
  commerce
• LIMITED National government power Congress
  couldnt use the commerce clause as a way to
  restrict guns

84
Gonzalez v. Raich (2005)

• Controlled Substance Act (1970) US gov
  regulates the manufacture, importation,
  possession, and distribution of certain drugs
• Medicinal marijuana was legalized in California,
  but illegal to US government. Raich argued
  commerce clause should not take effect because 1)
  there were no business transactions and 2) there
  were no state border issues.
• Supreme Court ruled 6-3 against Raich saying that
  the federal government could trump state laws
  that permitted medicinal marijuana
• Will the Feds go after Colorado Washington?

85
2 Federalisms?

• OLD SCHOOL Dual Federalism prior to 1932
• Federal and state governments remain dominant in
  their separate spheres of influence boundaries
  of power respected (mostly)
• Gibbons v. Ogden proved life is not that simple
• NEW SCHOOL Cooperative Federalism after 1932
  the New Deal
• State and Federal governments work together to
  solve complex problems after the New Deal

86
2 Federalisms

• TWO METAPHORS
• Dual Federalism Layer Cake

Federal
State

• Cooperative Federalism Marble Cake

87
Federalism Cake Boss

• Dual Separate Distinct Marble Variegated
  Integrated

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Fiscal Federalism

• Fiscal means
• Q How do you get the states to do things they
  normally wouldnt do?
• A Money
• Q What is the answer to any question ever
  asked?
• A Money

89
Grants-in-Aid

• Money paid from one level of government to
  another to be spent for a specific purpose
• Categorical Grants - target specific purposes and
  strings attached. (States receive highway funds
  if state raised age to 21 and lowered BAC to .08)
• Block Grants given for broad, general purposes
  and allow more flexibility and discretion on how
  the money is spent (ex. welfare reform,
  education, law enforcement)

90
Mandates

• A federal requirement that a state undertake a
  specific activity or provide a service
• Most mandates apply to Civil Rights and the
  Environment
• Often times the states or local govts have to
  pay the bill of the mandate set by Congress
  unfunded mandates

91
Devolution

• Devolution is the return of power to the state
  governments
• Idea is fueled by distrust of the federal
  government and the desire to save money by
  reducing the size of the bloated federal
  government
• Governors and Mayors really like this gives
  more local control

92
Devolution Example

• Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
  Reconciliation Act of 1996
• Eliminated welfare and transferred the money to
  states as block grants
• States received wide latitude on how to
  administer workfare but with the knowledge that
  Congress was counting on anti-poverty spending
• Strings attached head of family must work or
  lose benefit lifetime benefits limited to 5
  years unmarried mother lt 18 only receive if
  stay in school and live with adult immigrants
  ineligible for 5 years

93
Federalism is good

• Living under 2 governments is great
• Built on compromise, promotes unity
• Govt duties can be split up
• Brings govt closer to people
• Allows for state govt to address issues in
  unique regions of the country
• Allows states to experiment with policy before
  enacting it at the federal level Ex. Vermonts
  free health care for children or Masschusetts
  health care (which is what Obamacare is based
  upon)

94
Federalism is bad

• Living under 2 governments is bad
• States can impede progress of Nation
• States are unequal
• States have different policies
• Easier for states to be dominated by interest
  groups than a whole nation