Mapping our World

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Chapter 2

• Mapping our World

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Section 2.1

• Latitude and Longitude

• You will be able to . . .
• Compare and Contrast latitude and longitude.
• Describe how time zones vary.

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The science of mapmaking is called cartography.
Lines of latitude are parallel.
The latitude of the north pole is 90 north.
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Longitude
Longitude Lines of longitude converge at the
poles.
The prime meridian represents 0 longitude.
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Minutes
Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided
into 60 smaller units called minutes.
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Seconds
Each minute of latitude or longitude is divided
into 60 smaller units called seconds.
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Scale
Each degree() 111 km Each Minute() 1.85
km And Each Second() 30.83 m
Note works for latitude only
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Time Zones
Earth is divided into 24 time zones.
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International Date Line
The International Date Line is another name for
the 180 meridian.
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International Date Line
West
Traveling West (?) across the International Date
Line, you would advance your calendar one day.
Sept. 1
Sept. 2
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International Date Line
East
Traveling East (?) across the International Date
Line, you would move your calendar back one day.
Sept. 1
Aug. 31
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Section 2.2

• Types of Maps

• You will be able to . . .
• Compare and Contrast different map projections.
• Analyze topographic maps.
• Describe map characteristics such as map scales
  and map legends.

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Distortion
All flat maps distort either the shapes or the
areas of landmasses because Earth is a curved,
three-dimensional object.
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Mercator
A Mercator projection distorts areas near the
poles.
(the areas of landmasses near the poles are
exaggerated)
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Conic
In a conic projection, there is very little
distortion along one line of latitude, but the
areas and shapes of landmasses near the top and
bottom of the projection are distorted.
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Gnomonic
In a gnomonic projection, the direction and
distance between landmasses are distorted.
Polar Gnomonic Equatorial Gnomonic Oblique Gnomonic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
Gnomonic projection are used by navigators to
plot great-circle routes.
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Topographic
Topographic map a type of map that shows changes
in elevation of Earth's surface
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Contour Interval
Each contour line should represent one elevation.
If two lines cross, it means that the point where
they cross has two elevations, which is
impossible.
The difference in elevation between two
side-by-side contour lines is called the contour
interval.
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Legend Scale

• A map legend explains what the symbols on a map
  represent.

A graphic scale is a line broken into sections
that represent units with each section
representing a distance on Earths surface.
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Section 2.3

• Remote Sensing

• You will be able to . . .
• Compare and Contrast different the different
  forms of radiation in the electromagnetic
  spectrum.
• Discuss how satellites and sonar are used to map
  Earths surface and its oceans.
• Describe the Global Positioning System

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Light/Electromagnetic Spectrum
The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is the
number of waves that pass a particular point each
second.
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Speed of Light
The speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000 km/s.
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Remote Sensing

• The process of collecting data about the Earth
  from above the surface.
• (Generally using the electromagnetic spectrum.)

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GPS
GPS - Global Positioning System allows its users
to determine their exact position on Earth.
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GPS

• GPS satellites can relay information about all of
  the following
• Direction
• Elevation
• Position

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Landsat and Topex/Poseidon
Both Landsat satellite and Topex/Poseidon
satellite collect data about Earth by remote
sensing.
Landsat Satellite
Topex/Poseidon Satellite

• Uses radar to map features on the ocean floor.

• Detects energy related to the warmth of surface
  features.

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• NOVA Science Now (time-out)

Hyperlink on picture ?
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Mapping Exercise

• Earth is a circle which has 360 degrees (?)
• Each degree (?) is divided into 60 minutes.
• Each minute is divided into 60 seconds

Each degree() 111 km Each Minute() 1.85
km And Each Second() 30.83 m
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Traveling

• When You Know your starting coordinates and the
  distance you travel () add

40 45 16 , I travel
40 55 16 , I travel
10 10
10 10
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Distance between

• When You Know your starting coordinates and
  ending coordinates (-) subtract

40 45 16 , Start
40 55 16 , start
40 20 15 Stop
39 10 40 stop
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Conversion

• When You need to convert degrees,minutes,seconds
  to a decimal
• Generally make it a fraction over 60 and add to
  the number to the left.

120 40 25
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Map Exercises

• http//geology.isu.edu/geostac/Field_Exercise/topo
  maps/exercise_1.htm