Biomolecules

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Biomolecules the story
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The Big Three 1

• Fats
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Nucleic acids

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Types of Lipid (Fat) Molecules

• Triglycerides
• Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
  olive oil, canola oil
• Saturated fats are solids at room temperature
  lard, butter, animal fat
• Sterols
• Cholesterol
• Hormones testosterone, estrogen,
• Phospholipids
• phosphoglycerides

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Lipid Functions in the Human Body

• Storage form of energy for humans
• Insulation for heat retention
• Protection for delicate organs
• Key part of cell membranes
• Hormones that control certain body functions

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Lipids - Triglycerides

• Glycerol plus
• 3 fatty acid chains

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Skeletal Shorthand for Big Molecules
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Lipids Unsaturated vs Saturated

• Types of triglycerides
• Unsaturated double bonds in fa chain
• Saturated only single bonds in fa chain

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Lipids Unsaturated Skeletal Formula
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Lipids Dehydration Synthesis
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Lipids - Phospholipids

• Basic building block of cell membranes

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Lipids - Sterols

Cholesterol
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Carbohydrates

• Cx(H2O)z
• Single bonds (C-H, C-C, C-O)
• Types of carbohydrate molecules
• Simple sugars
• Polysaccharides
• Starchs

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Carbohydrates

• Main energy source for humans
• Formed by photosynthesis in plants
• Types of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide (1 sugar)
• Disaccharide (2 sugars linked in a chain)
• Polysaccharide (gt2 sugars linked in a chain)

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Carbohydrate Monosaccharides

• Two most common
• Glucose
• Primary storage form of energy in human body
• Fructose
• Main sugar found in most plants
• Others types consumed
• Galactose (from mammalian milk)

Glucose
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Dehydration Synthesis - Sucrose
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Carbohydrate Disaccharides
Sucrose
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Complex Carbohydrates

• Polymers of the simple sugars
• Long chains of simple sugars bonded together
  - polysaccharides

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Starch a straight chain polysaccharide

• Starch is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose
• Its a long straight chain of glucose molecules
  joined together
• It is plants way to store glucose

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Glycogen a branched polysaccharide

• Glycogen is a polymer of the monosaccharide
  glucose
• Its a branched chain of glucose molecules joined
  together
• It is the human bodys way to store glucose in
  liver and muscle

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Cellulose a cross-linked polysaccharide

• Made by plants
• Cross linking adds rigidity
• Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose
  polymers
• Forms cell wall used for support in plants
• Animals cant digest

Cellulose
1500 linked glucose molecules
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Proteins

• made from chains of amino acids

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20 Key Amino Acids in Humans
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Proteins

• joining 2 amino acids forms dipeptide

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Proteins

• sequence of amino acids in proteins is
  genetically determined

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Protein Folding
Simplified Protein Folding
Hydrophilic / hydrophobic effects
Rules of Protein Folding
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Four Levels of Protein Structure

• Primary Structure
• the order of the amino acids
• Secondary Structure
• hydrogen bonding effect helices and sheets
• Tertiary Structure
• weaker electrostatic force effect globs
• Quaternary Structure
• association of subunits

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The Making of a Protein

• The amino acid sequence is encoded
• in DNA
• Protein shape is determined by the
• amino acid sequence

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Protein Roles - TAMES
T
A
M
E
S
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Transport Protein - Hemoglobin
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• Enzyme in egg white and human tears
• 116 amino acids long
• breaks down small sugars
• attacks bacterial cell walls

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Protein Hybrids

• Lipoproteins blood, membranes
• and transportation of
  materials
• Glycoproteins antibodies, cell surface
  proteins
• Nucleoproteins - ribosomes

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• built from deoxyribonucleotides
• adenine
• thymine
• guanine
• cytosine
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• built from ribonucleotides
• adenine
• uracil
• guanine
• cytosine

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Nucleic Acids - Roles

• DNA
• contains sequences that code for proteins
• is passed on from generation to generation
• RNA
• mirrors DNA and carries instructions from cell
  nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are made
• in viruses it can carry out DNA role

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Nucleic Acid Molecules