Civil War Effects on Role and Power of USG

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Civil War Effects on Role and Power of USG

• Federal power wins defeat for states rights in
  short-term.
• Expansion of presidential power
• Lincoln and Constitution
• Commander-in-Chief
• Expansion of congressional power
• Congressional Reconstruction
• Amendments
• Federal programs in and military occupation of
  South

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Civil War Effects on Role and Power of USG

• End of Reconstruction States Rights!
• 1876 election
• Autonomy for South
• Jim Crow segregation
• Focus turns to economic expansion
• Government is pro-big business
• Subsidies
• Tariffs
• Anti-Labor

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Late 1800s

• Government is still small
• Government is pro-big business
• Partly economic policy partly election politics
• Increasing problems and inequities from
  industrialization

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Government of the people, by the people, for the
people- Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address

• From Progressivism to the Warren Court

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Progressivism

• People control the government
• Economic opportunities for all
• Correct injustices in society
• Response to the problems of the Gilded Age
• Monopolies
• Exploitation of labor
• Government helping big business, not the people
• Unsafe living and working conditions
• Rapid urbanization
• Exploitation of natural resources
• Political machines and corruption (Tammany
  Hall/Boss Tweed)

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Causes

• Muckrakers
• Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis
• Politicians
• Robert LaFollette
• Teddy Roosevelt
• Woodrow Wilson
• Activists
• Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Jane Addams, Florence Kelly
• John Muir, Gifford Pinchot

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Results

• Labor reform
• Anti-Trust legislation
• Regulation of railroad
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Womens suffrage
• Direct election of U.S. Senators
• Graduated income tax
• Federal Reserve System
• Federal Trade Commission
• Prohibition
• National parks and National Forest Service
• Initiative, referendum, recall
• Ended by WWI

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Laissez Faire Government

• 1920s Return to Normalcy
• Reaction to Progressivism and WW I
• High Tariffs
• Limits on Immigration

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The New Deal

• President Franklin Delano Roosevelts program in
  response to the Great Depression
• 1933-1938
• Goals
• Slow and reverse economic collapse
• Restore faith in stock market and banking
• Create jobs
• Provide a social safety net for the poor,
  elderly, sick
• Stabilize the farming industry

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FDR and the New Deal Programs

• Fireside Chats and the New Deal Coalition
• Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933
• FDIC
• Federal Securities Act
• SEC
• Agricultural Adjustment Act
• Civilian Conservation Corps
• National Industrial Recovery Act
• TVA
• Works Progress Administration
• Wagner Act
• Social Security Act

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Results of the New Deal

• The slide slows and stops, but the Depression
  does not end until WWII!
• Federal government aggressively intervenes to
  address crisis, dramatically expands size and
  scope of federal government.
• Federal government supports rights of labor.
• Federal social safety net created blend of
  socialism and market economy.
• FDR elected to unprecedented third term and
  will be elected for a fourth time, during WWII.

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The Warren Court

• A liberal, activist court under the leadership
  of Chief Justice Earl Warren.
• Expanded the protection of individual rights
  under the Constitution.

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The Warren Court

• Brown V, Board of Education, Topeka Kansas - 1954
  - Civil Rights
• Warren claimed that "in the eyes of the law,
  justice was color-blind."
• Separate was found to be inherently unequal.
• In ruling in favor of Brown the court ordered the
  integration of America "with all deliberate
  speed."
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• Mapp v Ohio - 1961 - Search and Seizure
• Evidence obtained in the search was inadmissable
  because it was seized in an illegal search.
• The court created the "exclusionary rule" which
  makes illegally obtained evidence inadmissable in
  court. This ruling upheld the principles of the
  fourth amendment.

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The Warren Court

• Gideon v. Wainright - 1963 - Right To Counsel
• All citizens must be provided a lawyer if they
  cannot afford one. This is regardless of the type
  of crime.
• Escobedo v Illinois - 1964 - Right To Counsel
• Extended the "exclusionary rule" to illegal
  confessions.
• Also defined the "Escobedo Rule" which holds that
  individuals have the right to an attorney when an
  "investigation is no longer a general
  inquiry...but has begun to focus on a particular
  suspect..."
• The ruling went on to detail that (Where) the
  suspect has been taken into custody...the suspect
  has requested...his lawyer, and the police have
  not...warned him of his right to remain silent,
  the accused has been denied...counsel in
  violation of the Sixth Amendment."

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The Warren Court

• Miranda v Arizona - 1966 - Rights of the Accused
• Ruled that citizens must be informed of their
  rights prior to questioning. Any evidence or
  statement obtained prior to a suspect being read
  his/her rights is inadmissable.
• Led to what is commonly referred to as one's
  "Miranda Rights" having to be read upon
  questioning or arrest. They are "You have the
  right to remain silent, anything you say can, and
  will be used against you in a court of law. You
  have the right to an attorney. If you cannot
  afford one, one will be appointed for you."
• Engle v Vitale - 1962 - Separation of Church and
  State
• In the late 1950's the New York State Board of
  Regents wrote and adopted a prayer which was
  supposed to be nondenominational. The board
  recommended that the prayer be said by students
  in public schools on a voluntary basis every
  morning.
• The court ruled against the school district and
  upheld the establishment clause of the first
  amendment. Prayer in schools was to be considered
  unconstitutional.

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The Warren Court

• Tinker v Des Moines - 1969 - Symbolic Speech
• Several students and parents in Des Moines
  organized a protest of the Vietnam war. Students
  were to wear black arm bands to school in
  protest. When the school found out they warned
  all the students and parents that anyone wearing
  the armbands would be would be suspended. The
  Tinker children wore their armbands to school
  (they were the only ones of the group to do so)
  and were suspended.
• Mr. and Mrs. Tinker filed suit claiming that the
  school violated the children's right to freedom
  of speech and expression. The school claimed that
  the armbands were disruptive.
• The court ruled against the school district
  saying that "students do not shed their
  constitutional rights at the school house gates.
  In doing so the court protected what has come to
  be known as "symbolic speech.
• Warren Court information adapted from
  http//www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_106_Notes.
  htm

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Image Citations

• http//www.lovethosegifts.com/products/full/9051.j
  pg
• http//www.mdhc.org/chautauqua/images/caricatures/
  Anthony300.gif
• http//www.msu.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Immigration
  /
• http//museum.nist.gov/images/exhibits/45.jpg
• http//www.nps.gov/muwo/
• http//www.taxcheck.com/tax-return-preparation-ima
  ges/1040-v7-200-px-8.gif
• http//www.federalreserve.gov/otherfrb.htm
• http//americanhistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsit
  e.htm?sitehttp3A2F2Fwww.nisk.k12.ny.us2Ffdr2
  F
• www.psu.edu/dept/ palmermuseum/past/wpa/wpa.html
• http//www.artlex.com/ArtLex/f/images/fed.art.proj
  _bend.ccc.lg.jpg
• lynn.boston-baden.com/ lvb/tc/dep.htm