The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors

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The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolutio
n Detectors

• Henry J. Frisch
• Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab.
• OUTLINE

• SOME APPLICATIONS sub-ps to 100 ps 25cm2 to
  10,000 m2
• CHALLENGE CAN WE GET FROM 100 PS TO 1 PS?
• PRESENT STATUS
• APPLICATIONS REVISITED
• QUESTION TO AUDIENCE- WOULD sT1ps and sSlt1 mm
  BE USEFUL TO YOU?

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Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
Henry Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute, University
of Chicago

• Long-standing motivation- understanding the basic
  forces and particles of nature- hopefully
  reflecting underlying symmetries

CDF-1979 to present
Discoveries Top quark B_s Mixing Measurements Ma
ny many many- and many more not done yet
Not light compared to Atlas and CMS ( 5000 tons)
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Application 1 (my initial motivation) Fast
Timing and TOF in HEP

• 1. We (you, we_all) spend big bucks/year
  measuring the 3-momenta of hadrons, but cant
  follow the flavor-flow of quarks, the primary
  objects that are colliding. Principle measure
  ALL the information.
• 2. Quarks are distinguished by different masses-
  up and down are light (MeV), strange a few 100
  MeV, charm 1.7 GeV, bottom 4.5 GeV, top 170.
• 3. To follow the quarks- 2 direct ways- lifetime
  (charm,bottom), measuring the mass (strange).
• 4. To measure the mass, measure p and v (vL/dt)

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The unexplained structure of basic building
blocks-e.g. quarks
The up and down quarks are light (few MeV), but
one can trace the others by measuring the mass of
the particles containing them. Different models
of the forces and symmetries predict different
processes that are distinguishable by identifying
the quarks. Hence my own interest.
Q2/3
M2 MeV
M1750 MeV
M175,000 MeV
M300 MeV
M4,500 MeV
Q-1/3
M2 MeV
Nico Berry (nicoberry.com)
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Fast Timing and TOF in HEP

• I believe that the existence of flavor- up,
  down, strange, charm, bottom, and top is
  essential, in the sense that if we cant
  understand it in a deeper way, were in the grip
  of initial conditions rather than fundamental
  symmetries or principles.
• Really a deep divide between the string landscape
  community, who are stuck with 10500 equally
  possible universes, and us, who have this one
  characterized by small integers and interesting
  patterns. (Aside- This latter, I believe, is the
  future area for Fermilab).

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A real CDF Top Quark Event
T-Tbar -gt WbW-bbar
W-gtcharm sbar
Measure transit time here (stop)
B-quark
T-quark-gtWbquark
T-quark-gtWbquark
B-quark
Cal. Energy From electron

• Fit t0 (start) from all tracks

W-gtelectronneutrino
Can we follow the color flow through kaons, cham,
bottom? TOF!
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Application 1- Collider Detector UpgradeCharged
Particle ID

• E.g- Tevatron 3rd-generation detector (combine D0
  and CDF hardcore groups) ATLAS Upgrade (true
  upgrade)
• One example- precision measurements of the top
  and W masses

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MW-Mtop Plane
MW 80.398 \pm 0.025 GeV (inc. new CDF
200pb-1) MTop 170.9 \pm 1.8 GeV (March
2007)
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Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrades
Take a systematics-dominated measurement e.g.
the W mass.
Dec 1994 (12 yrs ago)- Here Be Dragons Slide
remarkable how precise one can do at the Tevatron
(MW,Mtop, Bs mixing, )- but has taken a long
time- like any other precision measurements
requires a learning process of techniques,
details, detector upgrades.
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Precision Measurement of the Top Mass
TDR
Aspen Conference Annual Values (Doug Glenzinski
Summary Talk) Jan-05 ?Mt /- 4.3 GeV Jan-06
?Mt /- 2.9 GeV Jan-07 ?Mt /- 2.1 GeV
Note we are doing almost 1/root-L even now
Setting JES with MW puts us significantly ahead
of the projection based on Run I in the Technical
Design Report (TDR). Systematics are measurable
with more data (at some level- but W and Z are
bright standard candles.)
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Application 1a- Collider Detector UpgradePhoton
Vertexing

• Real data- 3 events in one beam crossing
• 2 events at same place 2 at same time
• Can distinguish in the 2D space-time plane

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Application 2 Fixed-target GeometriesParticle
ID and Photon Vertexing
Geometry is planar- i.e. the event is projected
onto a detection plane. Timing gives the path
length from the point on the plane to the
interaction. New information for vertexing,
reconstruction of p0 s from 2 photons, direction
of long-lived particles. Very thin in
zdirection, unlike Cherenkovcounters. Can give
a space-point with all 3 coordinates- x,y and
z Key new information- gives tomographic
capability to a plane
Thin Pb Converter
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Application 3- Neutrino Physics
Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress) (idea of
Howard Nicholson)

• Example- DUSEL detector with 100 coverage and 3D
  photon vertex reconstruction.
• Need gt10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)

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Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET)
Advantages Factor of 10 cheaper (?) depth of
interaction measurement 375 ps resolution (H.
Kim, UC)
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Application 5- Nuclear Non-proliferation
Havent thought about this yet- looking for
interested ANL folks. But

1. MCPs loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used as
   neutron detectors with good gamma separation
   (Nova Scientific).
2. Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
3. Time resolution corresponds to space resolution
   out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0

An area for possible applications- needs thought
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Why has 100 psec been the for 60 yrs?
Typical path lengths for light and electrons are
set by physical dimensions of the light
collection and amplifying device.
These are now on the order of an inch. One inch
is 100 psec. Thats what we measure- no surprise!
(pictures from T. Credo)
Typical Light Source (With Bounces)
Typical Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths)
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Characteristics we need

• Small feature size ltlt 300 microns
• Homogeneity (ability to make uniform large-area-
  think solar-panels, floor tiles)
• Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape
• Lifetime (rad hard in some cases)
• Intrinsic low cost application specific
  (low-cost materials and simple batch fabrication)

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Our Detector Development- 3 Prongs

• Readout Transmission lineswaveform sampling
• Anode is a 50-ohm stripline- can be long
  readout 2 ends
• CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap,
  low-power
• Sampling ASICs demonstrated and widely used
• Go from .25micron to .13micron 8ch/chip to
  32/chip
• Simulations predict 2-3 ps resolution with
  present rise times, 1 with faster MCP
• MCP development
• Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive
  materials (amplification) passive substrates
• Simulation of EVERYTHING as basis for design
• Modern computing tools plus some amazing people
  allow simulation of things- validate with data.

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Performance Goals (particles)
Quantity Present Baseline HJF
Time resolution-charged particles (psec) 12 (6)(2.3 10 lt1
Time resolution-photons (psec) --- 10 1-3
Space resolution- charged (mm) 0.1 1 0.1
Space resolution- neutrals (mm) -- 5 1-3
Thickness (inches)/plane 1 2 2
Cost (/30 sq-meters/plane) Forgetit 3.0M 1.2M
Schedule for development (from t0- i.e. funding of MCP project) --- 3 yrs 5 yrs


With a 2 square Burle MCP in beam- 6 psec on bench,2.3 expected














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Generating the signal (particles)

• Use Cherenkov light - fast

Incoming rel. particle
Custom Anode with Equal-Time Transmission Lines
Capacitative. Return
A 2 x 2 MCP- actual thickness 3/4 e.g. Burle
(Photonis) 85022-with mods per our work
Collect charge here-differential Input to 200 GHz
TDC chip
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Micro-channel Plates

• Currently the glass substrate has a dual
  function-
• To provide the geometry and electric field like
  the dynode chain in a PMT, and
• To use an intrinsic lead-oxide layer for
  secondary electron emission (SEE)

Micro-photograph of Burle 25 micron tube- Greg
Sellberg (Fermilab)- 2M/m2- not including
readout
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Get position AND timeAnode Design and
Simulation(Fukun Tang)

• Transmission Line- readout both endsgt pos and
  time
• Cover large areas with much reduced channel
  account.

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Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board

• Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with
  silver-loaded epoxy (Greg Sellberg, Fermilab).

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Comparison of measurements (Ed May and
Jean-Francois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)

• Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz
  bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
• Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match
  velocity and time/space resolution very well

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Scaling Performance to Large AreaAnode
Simulation(Fukun Tang)

• 48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1
  GHz bandwidth- still better than present
  electronics.

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Proof of Principle

• Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand
  and commercial Burle 25-micron tube- lots of
  photons
• (note- pore size may matter less than current
  path!- we can do better with ALD custom designs
  (transmission lines))

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Understanding the contributing factors to 6 psec
resolutions with present Burle/Photonis/Ortec
setups- Jerry Vavras Numbers

1. TTS 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
2. Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
3. Pad size 0.75 psec
4. Electronics (old Ortec) 3.4 psec

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ANL Test-stand Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev

• Sample both ends of transmission line with
  Photonis MCP (not optimum)

2 ps 100 microns measured
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Large-area Micro-Channel Plate Panel Cartoon
N.B.- this is a cartoon- working on workable
designs-
Front Window and Radiator
Photocathode
Pump Gap
Low Emissivity Material
High Emissivity Material
Normal MCP pore material
Gold Anode
50 Ohm Transmission Line
Rogers PC Card
Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout
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Incom glass capillary substrate

• New technology- use Atomic Layer Deposition to
  functionalize an inert substrate- cheaper, more
  robust, and can even stripe to make dynode
  structures (?)

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Another pore substrate (Incom)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling
ASIC
First have to understand signal and noise in the
frequency domain
EFI Electronics Development Group Jean-Francois
Genat (Group Leader)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling
ASIC
EFI Electronics Development Group H. Grabas,
J.F. Genat

• Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have
  pioneered waveformsampling onto an array of
  CMOS capacitors
• All these expert groups are involved (Hawaii
  formally)

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Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling
ASIC
Herve Grabas
EFI Electronics Development Group Herve.
Grabas, J.F. Genat
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FY-08 Funds ChicagoAnode Design and
Simulation(Fukun Tang)
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Front-end Electronics

• Resolution depends on 3 parameters
• Number of PEs
• Analog Bandwidth
• Signal-to-Noise

• Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!)

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Front-end Electronics

• Wave-form sampling does well - esp at large Npe

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Front-end Electronics-II

• See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF
• arXiv 0810.5590v1 (Oct. 2008)- to be published
  in Nucl. Instr. Meth.

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Plans to Implement This
Have formed a collaboration to do this in 3
years. 4 National Labs, 5 Divisions at Argonne, 3
companies, electronics expertise at UC and
Hawaii RD- not for sure, but we see no
show-stoppers
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Cartoon of a frugal MCP

• Put all ingredients together- flat glass case
  (think TVs), capillary/ALD amplification,
  transmission line anodes, waveform sampling

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Can dial size for occupancy, resolution- e.g.
neutrinos 4by 2
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Passive Substrates-1

• Self-assembled material- AAO (Anodic Aluminum
  Oxide)- Hau Wang (MSD)

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Passive Substrates-2

• Glass capillary with 40-micron pores (Incom)
• inexpensive, L/D of 401, pores 10-40 micron
• 65 to 83 open area ratio

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Functionalization- ALD

• Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)

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Functionalization- ALD

• Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)

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MCP Simulation

• Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
  (Muons,Inc)

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MCP Simulation

• Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
  (Muons,Inc)

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MCP Simulation

• Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
  (Muons,Inc)

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MCP Simulation

• Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
  (Muons,Inc)

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Status

• We have submitted the proposal to DOE its out
  to 5 reviewers (wish us luck).
• We are going ahead in the meantime due to support
  from the Director and Mike Pellin and Harry
  Weerts- Im amazed by Argonnes strength and
  creativity and facilities!
• We have a blog and a web page- feel free to look-
  http//hep.uchicago.edu/psec (dont be bullied by
  the blog).
• So far no show-stoppers

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The End-
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BACKUP
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What would TOFlt10psec do for you?

• (disclaimer- I know next to nothing about LHCb,
  b-physics, or the Collab. goals..- Im making
  this up.needs work- would be delighted to see
  someone pick this up.)

1. If you can stand a little active material in
   front of your em calorimeter, convert photons- 10
   psec is 3mm IN THE DIRECTION of the photon flight
   path- can vertex photons. Do pizeros, etas, KL
   and KS,
2. This allows all neutral signature mass
   reconstruction- new channels. e.g. the CP
   asymmetry in BS-gtp K0 (J.Rosner suggestion)
3. Etas in general are nice e.g. BS-gtJ/psi eta
   (again, J.R.)
4. With two planes and time maybe get to 1 psec,300
   microns along flight path- can one vertex from
   timing?
5. Searches for rare heavy long-lived things (other
   than bs)- need redundancy.
6. May help with pileup- sorting out vertices.

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Photo-multiplier in a Pore

• Idea is to build a PMT structure inside each
  pore- have a defined dynode chain of rings of
  material with high secondary emissivity so that
  the start of the shower has a controlled geometry
  (and hence small TTS)
• One problem is readout- how do you cover a large
  area and preserve the good timing?
• Proposed solution- build anode into pores,
  capacitively couple into transmission lines to
  preserve pulse shape.

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Jerrys s re-visited Solutions to get to
ltseveral psec resolution.

• TTS 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
• MCP development- reduce TTS- smaller
  pores, smaller gaps, filter chromaticity, ANL
  atomic-deposition dynodes and anodes.
• Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
  
• Same shape- spatial distribution (e.g.
  strips and time-differences measure spot)
• 3. Pad size 0.75 psec-
  
  Transmission-line readout and shape
  reconstruction
• 4. Electronics 3.4 psec
  
  fast sampling- should be able to get lt 2
  psec (extrapolation of simulation to faster
  pulses)