TAKS Objective 5

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TAKS Objective 5

• Earth and Space Systems
• Part II

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TAKS Overview

• 12 Questions out of 60.
• You need at least 9 right to pass this objective.
• Study this section!!!!! Think of it as history.
• Here is what you should know about Objective 5
• Characteristics of the Universe
• Seasons
• Phases of the Moon
• Earths Land Features
• Earths Atmosphere
• Earths Cycles
• Impact of Humans on Earth
• Impact of Catastrophic Events on Earth

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Earths Cycles

• Rock Cycle Rocks move from igneous to
  sedimentary to metamorphic and back again.
• Water Cycle Water evaporates from the ocean and
  other surfaces. Water then condenses into clouds
  and later falls back to the ground as
  precipitation. Ground and surface water collect
  in a watershed and drain off into the ocean.
• Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Involve living
  things for example, plants create organic
  compounds animals eat plants carbon is released
  from their remains, wastes and respiration.

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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon Cycle The movement of carbon, in its many
  forms, between the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans,
  and geosphere.

Interactive Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an element - C. It is part of oceans,
  air, rocks, soil and all living things. Carbon
• doesnt stay in one place. It is always on the
  move!
• Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants. In
  the atmosphere, carbon is attached to oxygen in a
  gas called carbon dioxide (CO2). With the help of
  the Sun, through the process of photosynthesis,
  carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to make
  plant food from carbon.
• Carbon moves from plants to animals. Through food
  chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the
  animals that eat them. Animals that eat other
  animals get the carbon from their food too.
• Carbon moves from plants and animals to the
  ground. When plants and animals die, their
  bodies, wood and leaves decay bringing the carbon
  into the ground. Some becomes buried miles
  underground and will become fossil fuels in
  millions and millions of years.
• Carbon moves from living things to the
  atmosphere. Each time you exhale, you are
  releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into the
  atmosphere. Animals and plants get rid of carbon
  dioxide gas through a process called respiration.
• Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere
  when fuels are burned. When humans burn fossil
  fuels to power factories, power plants, cars and
  trucks, most of the carbon quickly enters the
  atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. Each year, five
  and a half billion tons of carbon is released by
  burning fossil fuels. That s the weight of 100
  million adult African elephants! Of the huge
  amount of carbon that is released from fuels, 3.3
  billion tons enters the atmosphere and most of
  the rest becomes dissolved in seawater.
• Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the oceans.
  The oceans, and other bodies of water, soak up
  some carbon from the atmosphere. Animals that
  live in the ocean use the carbon to build their
  skeletons and shells.

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen Cycle the process by which NITROGEN is
  removed from the atmosphere, fixed in the
  soil by bacteria, incorporated into other living
  things, and then released back into the
  atmosphere.

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Water Cycle

• Water Cycle (the HYDROLOGIC Cycle) the
  continuous process by which water moves from
  Earth s surface to the atmosphere and back,
  passing through the living and nonliving parts of
  the environment.

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Watershed

• A watershed is an area of land that catches rain
  and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh,
  stream, river, lake or groundwater.
• Homes, farms, ranches, forests, small towns, big
  cities and more can make up watersheds. Some
  cross county, state, and even international
  borders. Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes.
  Some are millions of square miles, others are
  just a few acres. Just as creeks drain into
  rivers, watersheds are nearly always part of a
  larger watershed.

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Rock Cycle

• Rocks are constantly being formed, worn down and
  then formed again. This is known as the ROCK
  CYCLE. It is like the water cycle but it takes a
  lot longer. It takes thousands and millions of
  years for rocks to change.
• Rocks are divided into 3 types
  IGNEOUS,SEDIMENTARY, and METAMORPHIC

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Weathering

• WEATHERING is the breakdown and alteration of
  rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's
  surface.
• Types
• Biological
• Thermal (Physical)
• Chemical
• Ice Wedging (Free-Thaw)
• Exfoliation (flaking)

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Erosion

• EROSION is the wearing away of land or soil by
  the action of wind, water, or ice.
• Types
• Wind
• Water
• Glacier (ice)

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Rocks
There are three main types of Rocks A. Igneous
Rocks B. Sedimentary Rocks C. Metamorphic
Rocks Each type of rock is formed in different
locations and tell us a lot about the processes
that have happened in the past.
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Rock formation occurs in the lithosphere. Differen
t rocks form in different locations A rock on
the surface may have once been 20 km underground.
All rocks on earth are a part of a large process
called the Rock Cycle. In this cycle, rocks are
created and changed by different processes.
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The Rock Cycle
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Igneous Rock

• IGNEOUS means made from fire or heat. When
  volcanoes erupt and the liquid rock comes up to
  the earth's surface, then new igneous rock is
  made. When the rock is liquid inside the earth,
  is called MAGMA When the magma gets hard inside
  the crust, it turns into GRANITE. Most mountains
  are made of granite. It cools very slowly and is
  very hard. When the magma gets up to the surface
  and flows out, like what happens when a volcano
  erupts, then the liquid is called LAVA. Lava
  flows down the sides of the volcano. When it
  cools turns hard it is called obsidian, lava
  rock or pumice. Igneous rocks form when molten
  lava (magma) cools and turn to solid rock. The
  magma comes from the Earth s core which is
  molten rock . The core makes up about 30 of the
  Total Earth Mass (31.5)

Pumice
Granite
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Sedimentary Rock

• The earth's surface is constantly being eroded.
  This means that rocks are broken up into smaller
  pieces by weathering agents such as wind, water,
  and ice. These small pieces of rock turn into
  pebbles, gravel, sand, and clay. They tumble down
  rivers and streams. These pieces settle in a new
  place and begin to pile up and the sediments form
  flat layers. Over a long period of time, the
  pieces become pressed together and form solid
  rock called SEDIMENTARY ROCK.
• Most sedimentary rocks form under water. Most of
  the earth has been covered by water some time in
  the past. 70 of the earth is covered by water
  now. So sedimentary rocks are common all over the
  world. Sedimentary rocks are often rich in
  FOSSILS. Some examples of sedimentary rocks are
  sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, and shale.
  Sandstone is formed from grains of sand pressed
  tightly together

Sandstone
Conglomerate
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Metamorphic Rock

• Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed .
  The word comes from the Greek "meta" and "morph"
  which means to change form. Metamorphic rocks
  were originally igneous or sedimentary, but due
  to movement of the earth's crust, were CHANGED.
  If you squeeze your hands together very hard, you
  will feel heat and pressure. When the earth's
  crust moves, it causes rocks to get squeezed so
  hard that the heat causes the rock to change.
  Marble is an example of a sedimentary rock that
  has been changed into a metamorphic rock.
  Metamorphic rocks are the least common of the 3
  kinds of rocks. Metamorphic rocks are igneous or
  sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by
  great heat or pressure .

Schist
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Checkpoint Question 5.6, Earths Cycles

• A volcanic eruption occurs. Magma rises up
  the volcanos vents and soon reaches the surface.
  What type of rock will form due to this event?
• A Igneous rock
• B Sedimentary rock
• C Metamorphic rock
• D No rocks will form

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Impacts of Humans on Earth

• THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CREATED
• Global Warming Burning of fossil fuels has
  increased carbon dioxide in the air which traps
  solar energy.
• Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases (carbon
  dioxide, water vapor, methane gas) trap solar
  energy and cause a gradual temperature increase.
• Ozone Layer Depletion this layer absorbs much of
  the Sun s ultraviolet radiation, but is being
  destroyed by CFSs (chlorofluorocarbons).
• Pesticide Contamination Pesticides can poison
  water, soil and the food we eat.
• Acid Rain Air pollutants turn into acids that
  are highly toxic.
• Loss of Non-Renewable Resources such as oil
  natural gas (fossil fuels).
• Destruction of Natural Habitats for commercial,
  industrial, agricultural, mining, and development
  purposes.

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Greenhouse Effect

• The GREENHOUSE EFFECT is the rise in temperature
  that the Earth experiences because certain gases
  in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide,
  nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap
  energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat
  would escape back into space and Earths average
  temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because
  of how they warm our world, these gases are
  referred to as GREENHOUSE GASES.

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Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

• One form of air pollution is the production of
  too much carbon dioxide CO2 and other greenhouse
  gases. These greenhouse gases trap heat in
  earths atmosphere producing the GREENHOUSE
  EFFECT . Normally the greenhouse effect keeps the
  earth at a temperature that supports life. But
  human activities are increasing the amounts of
  some of the greenhouse gases , CO2 . Scientists
  believe that this increase in greenhouse gases is
  causing GLOBAL WARMING- AN INCREASE IN
  TEMPERATURES ALL AROUND THE WORLD.
• When fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) are
  burned in power plants, homes, and cars, CO2 (a
  GREENHOUSE GAS) is released into the air. When
  garbage, paper and trees are burned more CO2 is
  released into the air. All of this excess CO2
  traps more heat just above the earths surface
  and is adding to the GLOBAL WARMING problem for
  the entire earth.

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Acid Rain
This lake looks ok, but it is dead. No fish life
in this lake.
Acid rain kills trees and aquatic life.
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S O2 ?? SO2 (g) This reaction occurs in
combustion of sulfur rich coals in factories or
in volcanoes
Formation of Acid Rain
SO2 (g) H2O (l) ?? H2SO4 (l) This reaction
occurs in clouds
This acid rain then falls to the ground and
enters the soil and water systems.
In areas where the bedrock is limestone (CaCO3)
this acid rain is neutralized.
H2SO4 (l) CaCO3 ?? CO2 (g) CaSO4 (aq)
H2O (l)
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Checkpoint 5.7, Impact of Humans on Earth

• All of these will probably result when
  atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
  EXCEPT
• F increased plant growth
• G elevated animal reproductive rates
• H greater atmospheric pressures
• J higher average annual temperatures

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Catastrophic Events on Earth

• Catastrophic events, like a meteor crash, can
  lead to the extinction of an entire species. An
  endangered species (such as bald eagles) is
  protected by government agencies because it is
  close to extinction (the condition in which there
  are no more living members of a species).

• Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
  tornados, flooding, wildfires, and droughts are
  additional examples of catastrophic events that
  change the Earths surface.

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Tornado

• A tornado is a violently rotating column of air
  that usually touches the ground
• A rotating updraft of air in a thunderstorm cloud
  may form a spinning column called a mesocyclone,
  which eventually can touch down on the ground as
  a tornado

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Hurricanes
Intensity of hurricanes is measured on the
Saffir-Simpson scale and is determined by
sustained wind speeds
Hurricanes are the largest storms on Earth. It
moves with counterclockwise movement and winds
reach up to more than 250 km/hr. Hurricanes are
areas of extreme low pressure that form over warm
ocean water of at least 80 degrees.
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Checkpoint 5.8, Catastrophic Events on Earth

• Evidence suggests that dinosaurs became
  extinct when a large meteorite struck in the area
  of the Yucatán Peninsula. Scientists hypothesize
  that this enormous impact killed all the
  dinosaurs, even those on the other side of Earth,
  because the
• F debris thrown into the atmosphere blocked
  sunlight
• G heat flash from the impact immediately
  vaporized all
• life-forms
• H impact blasted the atmosphere surrounding
  Earth
• into space
• J intense heat completely boiled away the oceans