BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS

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BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS

• TAKS Objective 2 3 Review of Taxonomy,
  Classification, Organization, cell parts and
  functions and Ecology and Genetics

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Biology Review

• Objective 2 - The student will demonstrate an
  understanding of the organization of living
  systems.

• Objective 3 - Demonstrate an understanding of the
  interdependence of organisms and the environment.
  

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Take the 5 question quiz that follows

• If you get a question wrong, follow the
  directions to the section of slides that reviews
  that information.
• If you get it correct, you move to the next
  question.
• At the end of each section there are 3 more
  questions to check that you have understood the
  review.

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• According to the information above, what is the
  complementary strand of this section of a DNA
  molecule?
• A GTC
• B ATG
• C CAG
• D CGT

Answer C Review begins at slide 34
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• The diagram shows one of the processes that
  occurs in vertebrates. According to this
  information, which two body systems work together
  during this process?
• A Skeletal and respiratory systems
• B Circulatory and excretory systems
• C Respiratory and circulatory systems
• D Skeletal and excretory systems

Answer C Review begins at slide 9
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• The relationship between a desert bat and a giant
  saguaro cactus is considered mutualistic because
  the cactus provides food for the bat and because
  
• A the cactus needles protect the bat from
  predators
• B the bat transfers pollen between cactus flowers
• C the cactuss flowers attract bugs to the bat
• D the bat prevents moisture from reaching the
  plant

Answer B Review begins at slide 46
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• According to this phylogenetic tree, which
  organism is most closely related to Organism V?
• A Q
• B U
• C W
• D X

Answer C Review begins at slide 49
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Answer D Review begins at slide 46

• The diagram above shows relationships between
  organisms in an ecosystem. What would be the most
  likely result if the number of shrews in the
  ecosystem were reduced?
• A The grasshopper population would decrease.
• B The cattail population would increase.
• C Snakes would eat more grasshoppers.
• D Hawks would eat more snakes.

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Living things are . . .

• Organized into cells.
• Grow and develop.
• Respond to the environment.
• Use energy
• Reproduce

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Biological Organization begins with cells . . .

• Cells which work together form tissues
• Tissues layer to form organs

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And .. . . .

• Organs that work together form an ORGAN SYSTEM
• Organ systems work together to maintain
  homeostasis for the organism

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Homeostasis

• This means the maintenance of the normal
  operating conditions of an organism.
• Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood
  pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive
  absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and
  hormone levels all need to be maintained.

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Structural System - 1

• Bones are to
• Support structure
• Make blood cells
• Allow movement
• Provide muscle attachments
• Ligaments hold joints together

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Structural System 2

• 3 types of muscles
• Smooth, involuntary
• Striated, voluntary
• Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above
• Allow for movement and are attached by tendons
  above and below joints
• Ligaments hold bones to bones and stabilize joints

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Nervous System - 1

• Consists of brain and spinal chord
• Somatic, you control and choose
• Autonomic, allows parts to keep functioning
  without you knowing
• Nerve cells send and receive information . .

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Nervous System - 2

• Nerve cells have 3 parts
• Axon Sends signal
• Cell Body controls cell functions
• Dendrite Receives signal from another
• Synapse space between cells
• Neurotransmitters cross the synapse to carry
  messages

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Endocrine System

• Chemical messages sent through the blood
• Slow change and response compared to nervous
  system
• Long term maintenance or scheduling in the
  organism such as mating patterns
• Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are released from
  glands as chemical messages

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Digestive System 1

• This is how we intake all the vitamins, minerals,
  protein, lipids, carbohydrates and water we need.
  
• Mechanical Digestion begins in the mouth, it is
  grinding and breaking food up

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Digestive System 2

• Saliva has enzymes that begin digestion of
  carbohydrates
• The mouth connects to the esophagus, then to the
  stomach, which churns the food with acid to help
  break it up
• The stomach dumps into the small intestine where
  90 of digestion takes place.
• Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
  and gall bladder break down the food into useable
  parts.

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Digestive System 3

• Absorption of the amino acids to make proteins,
  glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in
  the small intestine
• Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which
  stores solid waste

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Respiratory System - 1
Nose Sinus Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Lungs Bronchi
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Respiratory System - 2

• The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest to
  fill the lungs with air, rich in O2.
• Lungs are full of little sacs called alveoli,
  which have lots of blood vessels with high levels
  of CO2.
• Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out,
  and the diaphragm relaxes causing you to exhale.
• Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the
  nose, mouth and pharynx.

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Excretory System

• This system is responsible for cleaning the blood
  and getting rid of liquid wastes.
• The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the
  primary filters, taking out excess water and
  wastes.
• Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder,
  which stores urine until it is passed out through
  the urethra.

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Circulatory System - 1

• This system helps to connect many other systems
  as it provides the transport of substances from
  one organ to another.
• Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in
  what it needs and get rid of waste.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart and
  veins carry it back to the heart.
• The heart pumps the blood

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Circulatory System - 2

• The top parts of the heart receive blood Atrium
  
• The bottom two are very muscular and pump the
  blood Ventricles
• Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the
  lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body
  and brain.

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Immune System - 1

• Your immune system protects you from infections
  and illness
• Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and
  skin
• It protects you in a general way nonspecific

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Immune System - 2

• Two main types of immunity
• Natural you got sick, and now your body
  recognizes it. This is permanent.
• Acquiredvaccination or immunization shot this is
  temporary

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Lets Review

• All organ systems work together to maintain
  HOMEOSTASIS, or the normal conditions for the
  organism.
• The main transport system is the circulatory
  system with the heart as its pump.
• The main control and monitoring system is the
  nervous system, with the brain and senses
  monitoring all systems and incoming information.

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Eukaryotic Cells
This is a typical animal cell with its organelles
labeled.
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Cell Part Function
Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Nuclear membrane Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleus Control center of the cell
Chromosomes Genetic information in the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system in cell
Ribosome Organelle makes proteins
Golgi Body Organelle packages proteins
Vacuole Stores water and/or waste
Lysosome Breaks down old cell parts
Mitochondria Organelle for cellular respiration provides energy
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Plant Cells have, Animal Cells dont

• Chloroplasts organelle responsible for
  photosynthesis
• Cell Walls a structure outside of the membrane
  to provide support
• Very large vacuoles to store extra water

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This is a typical plant cell

• It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very
  large vacuole.
• Why do plants need large vacuoles?

• ANSWER This is where food and water are stored.
  

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Cell Reproduction

• The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell. It
  has two parts. Mitosis is the process of cell
  division and Interphase is the process of growing
  and functioning.
• During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into
  two new identical sister cells.

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Genetic Code

• All of the information to make a new organism is
  contained in the chromosomes of the cell.
• Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled DNA or
  Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• Chromosomes contain genes each of which codes for
  a single protein. There are hundreds to
  thousands of genes on each chromosome.

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DNA

• DNA is composed of nucleotides, each has 3 parts.
  
• A sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base make up
  a nucleotide.
• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA,
  Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They
  always pair to form the rungs of the ladder.
• The process of copying DNA is called Replication

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The Stuff of Life

• The structure of DNA is called a double helix, or
  twisted ladder
• The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine.
  Adenine pairs to Thymine.
• Mutations are caused when these pairings are not
  made.

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• DNA is so important, it doesnt leave the
  nucleus. So RNA acts as a note taker and
  messenger by carrying the instructions from the
  nucleus to the ribosome where the proteins are
  made.
• RNA has no Thymine, it has Uracil as its 4th
  base.
• When its time to make a new cell part . . . .

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Transcription . . .

• Transcription is when messenger RNA reads the DNA
  in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus to
  take the information to the ribosome.
• The DNA then wraps back up until next time.

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Translation . . . Code into words

• mRNA takes the code from the nucleus to the
  Ribosome where it pairs with tRNA to put Amino
  Acids into chains called proteins.
• mRNA (codon) pairs to tRNA (anticodon) in the
  ribosomes This protein building is called
  TRANSLATION.

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Transcription and Translation
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Genetics How traits are inherited

• Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he
  experimented with pea plants.
• Dominant traits always are visible, and are
  represented by capital letters.
• Recessive traits only show up when both alleles
  are the recessive one (Homozygous)
• At least one pair of alleles determines the trait
  in genetic inheritance.

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Punnett Squares
Homozygous recessive x Heterozygous
Heterozygous x Heterozygous

• d d
• D Dd Dd
• d dd dd

D d D DD Dd d Dd
dd
Homozygous dominant x Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

• D d
• D DD Dd
• D DD Dd

D D d Dd Dd d Dd
Dd
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Phenotype is what you see

• Phenotype refers to what is visible the
  dominant trait or the recessive trait.
• How do you know the phenotype?
• LOOK!!

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Genotype actual combination of alleles

• Only 3 possibilities
• BB Homozygous Dominant
• Bb Heterozygous
• bb Homozygous recessive
• Must look at inheritance pattern to find out.

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Pedigree shows the Family Tree
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Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on the
  other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
  called parasitism

All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
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10 Rule Only 10 of the energy moves to the
next level
Decomposers
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Food Chains One of many feeding relationships
in a community

• Arrows in a food chain show the direction of
  energy flow.
• This is not the only feeding relationship for
  these organisms.
• When several or all of the food relationships are
  shown its a FOOD WEB.

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Taxonomy
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Binomial Classification

• Living things are given a two-part scientific
  name. The first part is the Genus which is
  capitalized, and the second part is the species
  which is never capitalized.
• Scientific names are used because the same plant
  or animal in different places may have different
  common names.
• Only those in the same genus can viably breed.
• Your scientific name is Homo sapien

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Kingdoms Largest groupings of living things
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
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Animal Kingdom

• Multicellular heterotrophic
• This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major
  phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla)
• Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular and autotrophic
• Means that all plants perform photosynthesis
• This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers,
  and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees,
  shrubs, most garden plants, most crops,
  wildflowers)

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular and some single-cells
• Most of these organisms are decomposers
• Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like
  atheletes foot

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Kingdoms of Single Cells

• Kingdom Protista largest source of food and
  oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton,
  amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular
  Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotic Kingdoms

• Kingdom Eubacteria normal bacteria found
  everywhere. Some are helpful(are important
  decomposers) and some cause illness. Described
  as Unicellular Prokaryotes
• Kingdom Archeobacteria bacteria found in
  extreme environs such as ocean floor volcanos,
  hot water geyser vents, or salty or low oxygen
  places. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes from
  extreme environments.