The United States in World War II

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The United States in World War II

• Chapter 25

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Essential Question

• Is there any ethical problem (is it wrong) to
  play war games of battles that really happened or
  watch movies like Saving Private Ryan for
  entertainment?

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Mobilizing for Defense

• 25-1

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Selective Service and the G.I.

• G.I. Government Issue
• The nickname given to enlisted WWII soldiers
• Selective Service the draft
• Men who did not sign up for the military were
  called to military service

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Women in the Military

• George Marshall Army Chief of Staff
• Started the Womens Auxiliary Army Corps
• Organized women to do non-combat work for the
  army in WWII

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Discrimination in the Military

• African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native
  Americans, and Asian Americans were put into
  segregated troops and given the worst military
  jobs
• Huge groups of these soldiers volunteered for the
  war
• It was ironic to segregate troops while fighting
  to liberate people from unfair leaders

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Filipino Troops
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War Production

• Car factories in the US shut down and were used
  for making tanks, planes, boats, and command cars
• Many factories went from making household goods
  to things needed in the war
• With millions of men going to fight, millions of
  women took over work in the factories

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Women in Factories

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWhswqZh2Rc4
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmgpvKXLTwr8

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African Americans at Home

• Still given the worst jobs in factories
• Asa Philip Randolph a labor leader who planned a
  huge march on Washington to protest poor
  treatment of African Americans in factories
• FDR said if Randolph called off the march he
  would work to end discrimination in the workplace

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War Science

• Office of Scientific Research and Development
• Created by FDR in 1941
• Developed better sonar and radar
• Developed the use of DDT against insects
• Developed drugs like penicillin that saved
  soldiers
• Worked to develop the atomic bomb

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Manhattan Project

• Group of top scientists in New York who worked to
  create the atomic bomb

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Government Agencies Control the Economy
(1942-1945)

• Office of Price Administration

• Fought inflation by freezing wages, prices, and
  rents
• Rationed foods such as meat, butter, cheese,
  veggies, sugar, and coffee

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Government Agencies Control the Economy
(1942-1945)

• National War Labor Board

• Limited Wage Increases
• Allowed negotiated benefits (vaca, pensions,
  insurance)
• Kept unions stable by forbidding workers from
  changing unions

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Government Agencies Control the Economy
(1942-1945)

• War Production Board
• Dept. of Treasury
• Revenue Act of 1942

• Rationed fuel important materials
• Issued War Bonds to raise
• Extended income tax to raise

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Government Agencies Control the Economy
(1942-1945)

• Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943)

• Limited the right to strike in industries crucial
  to the war effort
• Gave President the power to take over factories
  that were in strike

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25-2 The War for Europe and North Africa

• FDR and Churchill had an alliance so America
  focused on the War in Europe first.

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Battle of the Atlantic (42-43)

• Germans tried to stop food and materials from
  crossing from America to England or the Soviet
  Union
• Jan-Apr 1942 Germans sank 87 Am. Ships
• Apr-Aug 1942 Germans sank 594 more
• US ships started traveling in convoys surrounded
  by destroyers and airplanes
• This helped the US sink German U-Boats and win
  the Atlantic
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbB8GNHxf__A

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Battle of Stalingrad (In Soviet Union)

• Timeline
• June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union
• Nov. 1941 Bitter cold stops fighting
• Spring 1942 fighting starts back up
• June 1942 Germans winning in south
• Aug. 1942 Germans reach Stalingrad

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Battle of Stalingrad

• Fall/Winter 1942
• Germans fight house to house combat
• Winter sets in (bitter cold)
• Hitler orders them to stay there they had
  destroyed all the houses
• The horrible winter kills many and they surrender
  to the Soviet Union
• Soviets Lost 1,100,000 soldiers at Stalingrad

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Battle in North Africa

• North African countries were under Axis control
• The Allies invaded N. Africa while Stalingrad was
  going on
• They won back N. Africa and called for
  unconditional surrender they had to agree to
  whatever the Allies said
• Dwight Eisenhower American General who commanded
  Allied Troops in N. Africa

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Battle in Italy

• While the battle in N. Africa was still
  happening, the Allies decided to attack Italy
  next.
• They quickly won Sicily and were successful in
  Italy at first
• They made Benito Mussolini resign and many
  Italian people were very happy

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Battle in Italy

• Germany stepped in and fought the Allies in Italy
• This kept Italy from being taken back by the
  Allies until 1945 (End of WWII)
• Bloody Anzio a terrible battle just outside
  Rome that lasted 4 months
• 30,000 Axis and 25,000 Allied casualties
• Allied forces of all races fought for Italy

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Strategy of Operation Overlord

• Many troops parachuted behind German lines and
  thousands stormed the beaches of Normandy
• General Omar Bradley made a gap in the German
  line with a massive air and land bombardment
• General George Patton led The Third Army through
  the gap and advanced into Paris

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Video

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuPU4p7UQOtU

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The Battle of the Bulge

• October 1944
• Americans/Allies were invading Germany
• Germans attacked the Belgium port of Antwerp
• December 1944
• German tanks made it 60 miles into the Allied
  lines making a bulge in the lines

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The Battle of the Bulge

• SS Troopers Elite Nazi Soldiers
• Captured 120 American GIs
• Herded them into a field and shot them all

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The Battle of the Bulge

• After 1 month fighting, Germans were pushed back
  but had serious losses
• 120,000 Troops
• 600 Tanks
• 1,600 Planes
• Germans were forced to retreat from all combat

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Liberation of Death Camps

• Allies were working east into German and Soviets
  were working west through Poland
• July 1944 First death camp was liberated by the
  Soviets (Majdanek name of camp)
• SS Guards tried to burn evidence, but they could
  not do it in time
• Soldiers found 1,000 starving people, the largest
  crematorium in the world, and 800,000 pairs of
  shoes from those who were killed

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V-E Day

• V-E Day Victory in Europe Day
• April 25, 1945
• Berlin was under attack
• Hitler Married Eva Braun
• Hitler wrote his last address to the German
  people

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Hitlers Last Address

• Blamed Jews for starting WWII
• Blamed Generals for losing WWII
• Said that he and Braun would choose death over
  the disgrace of being captured by the Allies
• Both killed themselves the next day
• He shot himself, she drank poison

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V-E Day

• The Germans surrendered unconditionally on May 8,
  1945
• This was V-E Day, Victory in Europe Day
• FDR died on April 12, 1945 and never lived to see
  any of this
• Harry S. Truman (VP under FDR) took over as
  President of the United States at the end of WWII

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25-3

• War in the Pacific

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WWII in the Pacific

Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white
supremacy in Asia.
Philippines
Doolittles raid
American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing.
Damaged Japanese air power
Midway
Leyte Gulf
Reduced Japanese navy to minor role
Okinawa
Allowed attack on Japan itself
Hiroshima
America is first to use the atomic bomb.
Nagasaki
Led to Japans surrender
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Philippines

• The Japanese won the islands from the Americans
• This proved Japans power and it took away a
  major port for America

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Doolittles Raid

• April 1942
• James Doolittle led a successful air raid on
  Tokyo (capital of Japan)

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Battle of the Coral Sea

• Americans and Australians stopped Japan from
  taking Australia
• One of the first times the allies were able to
  stop Japan

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Battle of Midway

• June 1942
• US found out Midway Island was Japans next target
  and attacked their planes and ships before they
  attacked the island
• Many Japanese planes and ships were destroyed
• Was a turning point in the war
• Americans were attacking now, not defending
• Japanese Official Americans avenged Pearl
  Harbor

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Island Hopping and Kamikaze

• Once they won Midway, Americans started attacking
  Japan one island at a time
• As soon as they got a new island, they would lay
  a cement airstrip and begin attacking the next
  island
• Kamikaze pilots tried to stop them
• Kamikaze pilots Japanese suicide bombers who
  flew bomb-laden planes into American ships

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Battle of Iwo Jima

• General Macarthur American General in the
  Pacific War
• Led attack on the island of Iwo Jima
• Iwo Jima was close enough to Japan that heavy
  bombers could take off there and reach Japan
• 6,000 US marines were killed
• 20,500 Japanese soldiers were killed (only 200
  survived)

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Scenes from Flags of Our Fathers

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vewIzAlmk8pQfeature
  related

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Battle for Okinawa

• April 1945
• 1,900 Kamikaze attacks and worse fighting than
  Iwo Jima
• 7,600 American casualties
• 110,000 Japanese casualties
• Two Generals committed suicide rather than
  surrender
• The fighting in Okinawa showed that an invasion
  of Japan would be horribly deadly

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Atomic Bomb

• Because Iwo Jima and Okinawa were really
  difficult battles, the Allies thought that an
  invasion of Japan would be a desperate struggle
• They decided instead to use the Atomic Bomb
• New technology developed by the Manhattan Project

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Atomic Bomb

• Manhattan Project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
• It was first tested in the desert of New Mexico
• July 26, 1945 US warned Japan to surrender or
  it would face prompt and utter destruction

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Hiroshima

• August 6, 1945
• B-29 Bomber (plane) named Enola Gay
• Atomic Bomb named Little Boy
• Hiroshima city where Little Boy was dropped
• Hiroshima turned completely to dust after the
  bomb was dropped

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Nagasaki

• Japan did not surrender after the bomb was
  dropped on Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 A second bomb was dropped on a
  city called Nagasaki
• Fat Man Code name of second bomb
• This prompted Japans Emperor Hirohito to
  surrender
• 200,000 people were killed by the bombs

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The Yalta Conference

• A meeting in the Soviet Union to discuss how
  things should be in Germany after the war (how to
  prevent a WWIII)
• Feb 1945
• The Big Three Churchill, Stalin, FDR
• They decided to split Germany into four zones
  that would be governed by America, Britain,
  France, and the Soviet Union that would all
  eventually come together to be a united Germany
  again
• Soviet Union joined the war against Japan
• They would start the United Nations

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The Nuremberg Trials

• The trials of 24 surviving Nazi leaders for
  crimes against humanity, crimes against the
  peace, and war crimes
• Held in Southern Germany, a town called Nuremberg
  
• 12 were sentenced to death
• Most were sent to prison

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Nuremberg Trials

• Eventually almost 200 more were put on trial and
  sent to prison
• Some said this was not enough and many Nazis who
  were part of the Holocaust went free
• Trials set the principle that individuals are
  responsible for their actions during war
• If you do terrible things you cannot just say
  that you were following orders so it is okay

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Occupation of Japan

• After Japan surrendered, American forces stayed
  in Japan to control the country and to put
  leaders on trial for war crimes
• Led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
• Lasted 7 years
• Started a new democratic government and a free
  market economy