WWII

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WWII

• Most costly ever in terms of lives lost and
  material destruction

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WWII

• Began as a European conflict pitting Germany vs.
  Anglo-French coalition
• Eventually involving nearly every nation in the
  world
• Resulted in a New World OrderDominated by US and
  USSRTable set for the Cold War

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Why do wars occur?

• Nations compete over natural resources.
• Individuals demand greater political and economic
  freedom.

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We will study 3 aspects of WWII

• The war in Europe against Germany and Italy
• The war in Asia with Japan
• The home front

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What caused WWII in Europe?

• Germany wanted back what she lost from WWI, and
  revenge
• Appeasement Great Britain and France gave
  Hitler land w/o fighting for it.
• Hitler was racist he invaded countries simply to
  kill the Jews living there.

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The Central issue leading to WWII is the fallout
from the TREATY OF VERSAILLES
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Treaty of Versailles

• While the US, France, Great Britain emerged
  satisfied, Germany, Italy, Japan were not
• Japan wanted control of China
• US developed isolationist policy in response to
  Allied (European) failure to make good on War
  debts

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Treaty of Versailles end of WWI

• The main points of the Treaty BRAT  
• 1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting
  the war
• 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage
  done during the war.

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Versailles cont. .

• 3.     Germany was forbidden to have submarines
  or an air force.   She could have a navy of only
  six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.
   

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Versailles

• 4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe
  (see map). Germanys colonies were given to
  Britain and France.

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Review Questions

• How did WWI help cause WWII?

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Changes realized in the Nature of Warfare

• 1)Commitment of entire human and economic
  resources to the cause
• 2)Battlefield came to include all of a Nations
  territory
• 3)New weapons-long range rocket, atomic bomb
• 4)Tremendous advances in aircraft and tanks

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Failure of Peace Efforts

• 1920-League of Nations formed-Hope for negotiated
  settlements
• Would prove ineffective in many regions time and
  again
• 1923-Paris Peace Pact-63 nations including all of
  the worlds greatest powers renounce war as a
  policy

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• Only USSR does not commit
• The peace process will be tested by expansionist
  efforts by ambitious nations like Japan, Italy,
  and Germany

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Japan 1st to Cause Trouble

• Limited land mass creates a need to expand in
  order to accrue natural resources and raw
  materials
• Makes use of a minor clash with Chinese troops to
  take over Manchuria
• China appeals to the League of Nations
• Japan is ordered to return Manchuria

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• Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
• Revelation that the league is powerless
  encourages Italy and Germany in their
  expansionist ambitions
• Italys goal was to secure control of Ethiopia
  (East Africa)

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Italy in Africa

• Ethiopian Emperor appeals to the League of
  Nationssanctions issued were ineffective
• Did not include resources vital to Italian War
  effort
• Both Germany Italy make use of participation in
  the Spanish Civil War to test their military
  machines

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Spanish Civil War

• 1931 Spain becomes a Republic
• Republican government pursues reform
• Redistribution of land/reduce role of the
  Catholic Church
• Right-wing (conservative) Nationalists under
  General Francisco Franco oppose the Republican
  loyalists

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Gen. Francisco Franco
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• Soviets, British, France, and US support
  loyalists
• Germany and Italy support Nationalists
• Brings Hitler and Mussolini together
• Hitler was interested in Spanish resources (Iron
  ore, magnesium)

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• Herman Goering-Head of German Air force
  (Luftwaffe) and tested it in Spain
• The alliance between Hitler and Mussolini came to
  include Japan in the
• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
• Becomes known as the Axis Powers (1936-1937)

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Review Rise of the Nazis
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Depression in 1920s Europe

• Economy was bad in Europe
• WWI killed a lot of workers and customers
• After years of humiliation and starvation,
  Germans looked for a strong leader.

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NAZIs elected to power!

• Nazis promised to build up their army and get
  revenge for the WWI
• This is Adolf Hitler 1933.

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Totalitarianism
Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany)
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Germany late 1930s

• Germany escaped the Depression by militarizing.
• This is Berlin 1936

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Lebensraum (Living Space)

• Hitlers expansion
• 1936 The Rhineland is taken without response
• March 1938-Annexed Austria
• France and Britain awed by German
  armament-considered it an internal German affair

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Czechoslovakia

• Next was Czechoslovakia-had been only been a
  democratic state in central Europe by the late
  1930s
• Strong military, high standard of living,
  alliances with France and the Soviet Union
• Hitler coveted the western border of
  Czechoslovakia

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Sudetenland

• The Sudetenland home to 3.5 million ethnic
  Germans
• British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain
  initiated peace talks (Sept 1938)
• Resulted in the Munich Pact

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Peace in our Time

• He returned home to the cheers and adulation of
  his people
• In reality the proposal was futile
• Appeasement

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Appeasement

• Giving in to someones demands in order to
  prevent war

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Appeasement Hitler wanted land, Britain and
France let him have it without war
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• Less than 6 months later, Hitler invaded and
  seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler then threatens Poland, the British
  government pledged to defend the Poles
• France already had a mutual defense treaty with
  Poland

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Hitler and the Soviets

• Attention was turned to the USSR-Joseph Stalin,
  Soviet dictator was courted by both sides.
• Hitler offer was more attractivein exchange for
  Soviet neutrality Stalin was secretly promised
  claims in Finland, Estonia, Latvia eastern
  Poland, eastern Romania(Nazi-Soviet Pact1939)

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WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland 1939.
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Invasion of Poland

• Sept. 1 1939 in the early morning hours, the
  German invasion of Poland began
• Sept. 3, Hitler was surprised by the French and
  British declaration of war on Germany
• Hitler commits 1.5 million troops
• The Poles mustered 1.8 million

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Blitzkrieg

• Lightening War
• This paralyzed Poland
• German had more firepower
• 6 panzer divisions to 1 tank or armored Polish
  division
• 1600 modern aircraft to 900 obsolete Polish planes

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• Lightning warfare
• German strategy
• 1st bomb by air, then send in panzer divisions
  (tanks)

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• Bombers destroyed railroads, preventing
  mobilization then used armored divisions followed
  by mobile infantry encircled the Poles
• On the 17th, as Germans closed in on Warsaw The
  Soviet Red Army lunged across the border
• Final surrender was complete by Oct. 6

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• The British were too late to prevent the
  occupation of Poland, but they may have delayed
  its surrender and the French were more concerned
  with self-defense
• Holding the Maginot Line

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Phony War

• in the months following the German invasion of
  Poland in September 1939 and preceding the Battle
  of France in May 1940 that was marked by a lack
  of major military operations in Continental
  Europe.
• Also known as Sitzkrieg

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Invasion of France
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Maginot Line
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Maginot Line

• Heavily fortified French line of defense
  fortifications on border with Germany
• There was a serious flaw-a 50 mile gap in the
  Ardennes
• Was built in response to WWI
• Because the Ardennes was forested swampy they
  believed an invasion there would be difficult

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Hitler focused German attention upon the low
countries

• Luxembourg
• The Netherlands
• Belgium
• Low countries because of elevation

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Charles de Gaulle

• French Commander
• Called for more planes tanks
• But the French command said the Maginot Line was
  sufficient

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• Finland falls to the Soviets
• May 10, 1940 a massive German airlift caught the
  Dutch off guard
• They surrendered within 5 days of the invasion
• At the same time the French British moved to
  defend Belgium

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• German Planes swept into the Ardennes
• Other panzers broke through Luxembourg towards
  France

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• Hitler demands Norway and Denmark to accept Nazi
  protection from Britain
• Danes accept but Norway resists
• April 9th, 1940 Germans land unopposed in Norway
• Occupied Oslo by noon

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• The remainder of the country held out
• For about a month
• This proved costly to the Germans who lost
  several ships

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Replaces Chamberlain as Prime Minister

• After the fall of Denmark and Norway
• Winston Churchill

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Germany Defeats France

• Rather than send its main force through Belgium
  as it had done in WWI
• Gen. Eric Von Manstein advised an unexpected
  attack through the Ardennes Forest
• Attacking from the Northwest and then moving
  southeast behind the Maginot Line

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• Forces were equal in strength in areas of troops
  and tanks
• Germans maintained a superiority in aircraft

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• The same day The Netherlands surrendered, the
  German panzers emerged from the Ardennes and made
  their push behind French and British forces that
  were supporting the Belgians

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Dunkirk

• Moving toward the Channel, Allied forces were
  trapped in the N.W. corner of France
• Evacuation by sea was the only hope for the
  allies.

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• May 27 Belgiums King Leopold III surrendered
• Germany paused and 328,000 men were rescued from
  Dunkirk

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The Drive to France Begins

• June 10, Italy declares war on the Allies
• Though the Maginot line was in tact, no way to
  protect Paris
• June 17, Marshal Henri Petain (WWI hero) asked
  for an armistice
• Signed June 25, 1940
• Terms gave control of Northern France and the
  Atlantic coast to Germany

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Vichy Government

• Petain sets up a capital at Vichy in the
  unoccupied Southeastwas a puppet government of
  Germany
• In Britain, de Gaulle organized a free French
  government and the French resistance operated
  underground in France

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Hitler in Paris
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Fortress Europa

• In no time, Germany conquered most of Europe with
  tanks, planes, railroads.

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Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
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• One significant foe remained for Hitler n the
  westBritain
• Churchill vowed to fight to the bitter end
• Hitler misjudged the resolve of Churchill and the
  British
• Expecting Britain to seek peace when the
  situation facing them looked so bleak

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• The British had left many of their weapons on the
  beaches at Dunkirk
• Stalin did not seem eager to challenge Hitler
• Though the US, alarmed by the fall of France
  began peacetime conscription
• 1st time everpublic opinion opposed the war

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Battle of the Atlantic

• Germany hope to starve Great Britain out
• Using submarines warfare to cut British overseas
  lifelines
• Subs were based in both France and Norway

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• The best way to force Britains surrender would
  be an invasion across The English Channel
• Hitler would not risk this however unless the
  British Air Force could be neutralized
• Thus the Battle of Britain was fought in the air
  not on the beaches

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• August 1940, the Germans launched daylight raids
  against airfields and inland cities in Southern
  Britain
• The objective was to draw out British fighters
  and destroy them
• Royal Air Force (RAF) were superior
• So much owed by so many to so few
• Speech by Churchill

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• German casualties were too high, by September
  they were forced to resort to night bombings
  raids57 nights
• Goering sent more that 1,000 planes at a time
• Between this time and May 1941, the Germans
  conducted 71 major raids against London and 56
  other cities

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• In 1 night the Luftwaffe dropped 70,000 fire
  bombs
• The damage inflicted, though severe, was not
  militarily decisive

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Children in East End of London
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Newbury, England
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• On September 17, 1940 Hitler postponed the
  invasion of Britain indefinitely, thereby
  conceding defeat in The Battle of Britain
• 1,700 German aircraft lost
• Hitler shifts his focus to the Soviet UnionJuly
  1940still looking for living space

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Russias Next

• Hitler believed Britain was holding out for a
  falling-out between Germany and Russia
• Once the Soviets were defeated, he expected
  Britain would make peace
• Hitler wanted to begin the invasion in the fall
  of 1940

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• His advisers warned against a winter campaign in
  Russia(Napoleon)
• He waited for spring
• Meanwhile Germanys ally Mussolini staged an
  unsuccessful attack on British occupied Egypt and
  Greece
• Britain responded by occupying airfields on Crete
  and in Greece

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• Hitler feared British planes within striking
  distance of his one major oil source, Ploiesti
  (Ployisht) fields of Romania
• He dispatched Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox) and
  his tanks to support his alliesHe would all but
  push the British out of Africa

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• Because he would need to cross their territory to
  get to Greece and the Soviet Union, Hitler
  brought Romania and Hungary into the Axis in
  November 1940, Bulgaria joined in March 1941
• When Yugoslavia refused to follow suit, Hitler
  ordered the invasion of that country

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Events which caused the U.S. to become involved
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Meanwhile, in the USA. . .
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• Wanted to stay neutral
• Cash carry
• Lend-Lease U.S. lent , materials to the
  Allies for leases to military bases

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Lend-Lease Act cont

• 7 billion to lend or lease weapons and other aid
  to countries the president may designate
• Could assist in defeating the Axis w/o using US
  Troops
• By late summer 1941 we were in an undeclared war
  with Germany
• US Marines occupied Iceland, replacing the
  British

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Atlantic Charter

• August 9, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt meet
• They issue the Atlantic Charter
• Freedom of trade
• The right of people to choose their own
  government
• Called for the final destruction of Nazi Tyranny

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Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. America enters
WWII.December 7, 1941
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Axis Powers

• Germany and Italy declared war immediately after
  Pearl Harbor.
• Germany, Italy and Japan made a deal to help each
  other in case on was attacked.

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Allied Powers

• The Allies were the USA, Great Britain, and the
  Soviet Union (USSR). These are called the big
  three.
• In addition were the colonies and territories of
  these countries.
• These include China, Canada, Australia, France,
  Poland and others.

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USAs contribution was production, not blood.
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Women in workforce
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Rosie the Riveter
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People rationed goods for war use.
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The Army was segregated, but African Americans
served.
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Tuskegee Airmen
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Women in the Forces
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Women in Forces
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How did USA pay for this war?
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Internment of Japanese Americans

• USA was afraid if Japan were to attack the
  Pacific coast, Japanese Americans would help
  them.
• The Government ordered them to move to camps.

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Internment camp
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Strangely, Japanese Americans served in the Army
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Any questions before the quiz?
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Home Front Quiz

• 1. How did USA pay for WW2?
• 2. Who were the Allied powers besides the USA?
• 3. Why did the USA intern the Japanese
  Americans?
• 4. What was the Lend Lease Act?
• 5. When was the Pearl Harbor attack?

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Meanwhile, in Asia. . .
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Japan wanted China and the USSR.

• Japan is an island, and not a big one.
• They wanted more living space and resources for
  their superior people.

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Japan wanted oil reserves

• Japan wanted more oil to invade China.
• America embargoed their oil in Indonesia
• Japan considered this an act of war.

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Japan joins Axis Powers

• Germany was sick of the U.S. helping Britain with
  its lend lease program. Japan agreed to attack
  Pearl Harbor and distract the U.S. from Europe
  war.

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Battle for Midway Island

• If won, Japanese could have bombed Hawaii more
  from here.
• Major turning point

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Island Hopping US fought to gradually reach
Japan
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Battle for Iwo Jima

• Island hopping became fact of the war with Japan.
  
• Died 6800 US 20000 Japanese.
• This flag raising was a serious morale boost to
  soldiers on the island.

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Kamikaze attacks
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This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima
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Atomic bomb

• Hiroshima-Little Boy
• Nagasaki- Fat Man

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945
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Victims in Hiroshima
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Why drop the Atomic Bomb?

• The Japanese had shown they would fight to the
  last man, woman and child.
• The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million U.S.
  lives, and possibly many Japanese.
• Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to end the
  war.

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Japan surrenders 1945
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World War II deaths

• USSR 22 million
• China 11 million
• Germany 7 million
• Poland 7 million
• U.S. 0.5 million
• Great Britain 0.3 million
• Japan 1.5 million

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Asia WW2 Quiz

• 1. What cities were nuclear bombed?
• 2. Define island hopping?
• 3. What was the importance of Midway Island
  battle?
• 4. Why did Japan want war with the USA?
• 5. What ocean protected USA from Japan?

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Operation Barbarossa
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Invasion of USSR

• Begins June 22, 1941 More than 3 million German
  soldiers move into The USSR
• German preparation for this had been obvious for
  months, but Stalin, concerned about his
  militarys performance in the Finnish War had
  refused counteractively that might provoke Hitler

118
The Soviets are Unprepared

• The Soviet military leadership concluded that
  blitzkrieg would not be possible on the scale of
  a German-Soviet War
• Soviets had 2.9 million soldiers on the border
• Outnumbered German tanks by 2 to 1 and 3 to 1 in
  aircraft

119

• Large numbers of soviet aircraft destroyed on the
  ground the first day of fighting
• Soviet tanks are scattered among the infantry
  (like the French) proved ineffective against
  German Panzer groups

120

• Soviet infantry had been ordered to
  counter-attack which was impossible, and then
  forbidden o retreat which insured their wholesale
  destruction or capture

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Germany three-pronged attack

• Designating army groups in the North, Center, and
  South to drive towards
• Leningrad
• Moscow
• Kiev
• The objective was to lock the Soviet Army in
  battle and defeat it before it could disappear
  into the interior

122

• War games had predicted a victory in about 10
  weeks
• Essential because the Russian summer is short
• By the end of the first week (July)army group
  center had taken 290,000 prisoners-another
  300,000 by Aug.5th
• Was 2/3 of the way to Moscow

123
Winter comes to Russia

• The wet fall and cold of winter slowed and then
  stopped German progress 50km. From Moscow in
  December
• Soviets counter-attack with reserves led by Gen.
  Zhukov and began rolling back the German Army
  which abandoned vehicles and weapons

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Tough cold winters killed many NAZI troops in
USSR.

• Russian people are tough! 21 million dead, yet
  no surrender!

125
German Low Point

• Hitler consolidate to two armies pushing toward
  Stalingrad
• A mistake separating armies and making resupply
  for both over damaged RR impossibleStalin
  ordered his retreating army not another step
  back

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Battle of Stalingrad

• Turning Pt. in the War
• Bloodiest in Modern History
• The battle took place between 17 July, 1942 and 2
  February, 1943.
• Russian Victory

127

• Hitler needed to redeploy troops in ItalyThe
  Americans had landed on Sicily in July
• Hitler anticipated an European invasionfeeling
  he could repel it
• The allies would abandon the effortHe could then
  concentrate on the USSR

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Operation Overlord

• Normandy Invasion
• June 6, 1944D-Day at Normandy under Omar Bradley
• Eisenhower was the ETO Commander
• An unsuccessful attempt on Hitlers life to save
  Germany (Valkyrie)

129
Invasion of Normandy, France
130
Tank!
131
Anti-tank weaponry
132

• English Channel protected England
• Britain resisted German air force

133

• Hitler thought the invasion of Normandy was a
  feintno counter-offensivehe expected an assault
  North of the Seine River
• August 3, Americans w/de Gaulle and the Free
  French Resistance forces liberate Paris

134
Race to Berlin

• US and allied forces crossed the German border on
  September 11difficulty in maintaining the supply
  line slowed progress
• Needed the port of Antwerp to be made operational
  again
• In a race with Russia (Stalin underestimates
  speed of US Troops)

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Beginnings of Communism

• German allies surrendering in the east and
  communist regimes installed by the Soviets (Cold
  War)
• The fall of 1944 saw air offensive against
  Germany until

136
Battle of the Bulge

• German counter offensive in the Ardennes in
  December

137
Yalta Conference

• Feb. 1945Stalin agrees to fight Japan after
  Germany surrenders

138
Dates to Remember

• Roosevelt dies April 12
• Hitler commits suicide April 30 in his bunker
• German surrender May 7
• May 8 V/E Day
• Japan surrenders Aug 15, 1945

139
Germanys end

• Germany invaded the Soviet Union and lost a
  million troops due to the cold and Russian
  bravery.
• Germany spent too many resources trying to kill
  Jews and not supporting his troops
• Germans fought Russians in the east and Americans
  and Brits in the West.

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Germany surrenders April 45
141

• Mussolini killed while trying to escape Italy
  dressed as Nazi officer
• Hitler committed suicide in late April 1945
• Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) 5/8/45 Germany
  surrendered

142
V-J Day

• 9/2/45 representatives of Hirohito signed
  surrender terms aboard USS Missouri
• Japan lost all land taken after 1875
• Hirohito became a constitutional monarch
• War crimes trials

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July of 1945 Potsdam Conference

• Big Three met
• USSR would declare war on Japan invade
  Manchuria a.s.a.p.
• Japan US occupied

144
Potsdam Cont

• Korea would be occupied by Soviets N. of 38th
  parallel, by US S. of 38th parallel
• Japan US occupied

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The Settlement of WWII will lead to theCold War