ITD1011- Introduction to IT

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ITD1011- Introduction to IT
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UNIVERSITY OF JAZEERA

• Dr. Mohamed Sammouda

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An Introduction to Information Systems in
Organizations

• Chapter 2

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Distinguish data from information and describe
  the characteristics used to evaluate the quality
  of data.
• Identify the basic types of business information
  systems and discuss who uses them, how they are
  used, and what kinds of benefits they deliver.
• Identify the major steps of the systems
  development process and state the goal of each.

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Very Brief History of Computing

• Mechanical gt Electronics
• Analog gt Digital
• Huge gt Tiny
• Slow gt Fast
• Military gt Normal life
• Isolated gt Networked
• Data processing gt Information processing

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Timeline Computing, Communication

• 1960s - Mainframes, Transistor
• IBM
• 1970s - Minicomputers
• Digital Equipment (DEC)
• 1980s - Personal computers, LANs
• Apple, IBM PC, Microsoft
• 1990s- Web, Internet,
• Yahoo, AOL
• 2000s Ecommerce, Wireless
• Amazon, Ebay?

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Information Concepts
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Information System

• An Information System (IS) is a set of
  interrelated components that collect, manipulate
  disseminate data information provide
  feedback to meet an objective.
• Examples ATMs airline reservation systems
  course reservation systems

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Data vs. Information

• Data raw facts, such as an employees name
  address, number of worked hours, a sale order,
  and inventory number.
• Data raw facts that describe a particular
  phenomenon.
• Information collection of facts organized in
  such a way that they have value beyond the facts
  themselves
• Information data that have a particular meaning
  within a specific context.

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The Process of Transforming Data into Information
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Characteristics of Valuable Information
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The Components of an Information System
Input is the activity of gathering and capturing
raw data. Processing involves converting or
transforming data into useful outputs. Output
involves producing useful information, usually in
the form of documents and reports. Feedback is
output that is used to make changes to input or
processing activities. Forecasting is a
prediction of the future events to avoid problems.
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Manual Information Systems

• An Information System can be manual or
  computerized.
• Example Some investment analysts manually draw
  charts and trend lines to assist them in making
  investment decision.
• Tracking data on stock prices (input) over the
  last few months or years, these analysts develop
  pattern on graph paper (processing) that help
  them determine what stock prices are likely to do
  in the next few weeks or months

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Computer-based Information Systems

• Today, many excellent computerized Information
  Systems have been developed to follow stock
  indexes and markets and to suggest when large
  blocks of stocks should be purchased or sold
  (called Tracking system) .

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Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)
CBIS consists of hardware, software, database,
telecommunications, people, and procedures that
are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and
process data into information. Example A
companys payroll system, order entry system,
inventory control systems. Information Technology
(IT) is a related term that refers to the
technology components of hardware, software,
database, and telecommunications.
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Components of a CBIS
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Components of a CBIS

• Hardware - computer equipment used to perform
  input, processing, and output activities.
• Software - computer programs that govern the
  operation of the computer.
• Database - an organized collection of facts and
  information, typically consisting of two or more
  related data files.
• People - the most important element in most
  computer-based information systems.
• Procedures - include the strategies, policies,
  methods, and rules for using the CBIS.

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Telecommunications, Network, and the Internet

• Telecommunications - the electronic transmission
  of signals for communications.
• Networks - used to connect computers and computer
  equipment in a building, around the country, or
  around the world to enable electronic
  communications.
• Internet - the worlds largest computer network,
  actually consisting of thousands of
  interconnected networks
• Intranet is a network based technologies that
  allows people within an organization to exchange
  information.
• Extranet is a network based on web technologies
  allows selected outsiders, such as business
  partners and customers, to access authorized
  resources of the intranet of the a company.

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Business Information Systems
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Business Information Systems

• Electronic Commerce
• Transaction Processing Systems and ERP
• Information and Decision Support Systems
• Special-Purpose Business Information Systems
  Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems.
• All these systems help employees in organizations
  accomplish both routine and special tasks, from
  recording sales, to processing payrolls, to
  supporting decisions in various departments.

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E-Commerce
E-Commerce involves any business transaction
executed electronically between parties such as
companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C),
consumers and other consumers (C2C), business and
the public sector, and consumers and the public
sector.

• Business-to-business
• Business-to-consumer
• Consumer-to-consumer

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E-Commerce Greatly Simplifies the Purchasing
Process
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Transaction Processing Systems and ERP

• Transaction processing system (TPS) - an
  organized collection of people, procedures,
  software, databases, and devices used to record
  completed business transactions.
• Transaction Any business-related exchange such
  as payments to employees, sale to customer, and
  payments to suppliers.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System - a set
  of integrated programs capable of managing a
  companys vital business operations for an entire
  multisite, global organization.

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A Payroll Transaction Processing System
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Management Information Systems

• A MIS is an organized collection of people,
  procedures, software, database, and devices used
  to provide routine information to managers and
  decision makers.
• MIS typically provide standard reports generated
  with data and information from the transaction
  processing system.

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Functional Management Information Systems Draw
Data from the Organizations TPS

The focus of MIS is primarily on Operational
efficiency.
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)

• DSS is an organized collection of people,
  procedures, software, databases, and devices used
  to support problem-specific decision making.
• The focus of a DSS is on decision-making
  effectiveness.
• MIS helps an organization do things right a DSS
  helps a manger do the right things.

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Essential DSS Elements
DBMS Database management system. MMS Model
management system
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Special-Purpose Business Information Systems

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field in which
  the computer system takes on the characteristics
  of Human Intelligence.
• Expert systems is a system that gives a computer
  the ability to make suggestions and act like an
  expert in a particular field.
• The unique value of an expert system is that they
  allow organizations to capture and use the wisdom
  of experts and specialists. Therefore years of
  experience and skills are not completely lost
  when a human expert dies, retires, or leaves for
  another job. Expert systems can be applied to
  almost any field or discipline.

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Roles, Functions, and Careers in the Information
Systems Department

• Operations
• Systems Development
• Support

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The Three Primary Responsibilities of Information
Systems
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Typical IS Titles and Functions

• The Chief Information Officer
• LAN Administrators
• Internet Careers

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Why Learn About Information Systems?

• Advance in your career
• Solve problems
• Realize opportunities
• Meet your career goals