World History II SOL Review

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World History IISOL Review

• Independence Movements World Today

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Independence in Africa - Overview

• Negritude Movement a movement to celebrate
  African culture, heritage, and values
• Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)
• Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War
  II
• Resentment toward imperial rule and economic
  exploitation

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Kenya

• Bloody British settlers owned prime farmland in
  the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence
  for Kenya
• Leader Jomo Kenyatta

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Ghana

• West Africa peaceful transition
• Originally called Gold Coast under the British

5
Algeria

• War for independence from France

6
South Africa

• Struggle against apartheid
• Led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black
  president of South Africa

7
Religious Conflict Palestine vs. Israel

• Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same land
• Creation of Israel in 1948 led to many conflicts
  between Israel and countries in the Middle East
  (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc)
• 1993 creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza
  Strip and West Bank)

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Religious Conflict Ireland and Northern Ireland

• Protestants vs. Catholics
• IRA (Irish Republican Army) wants a united
  Ireland (Northern Ireland part of Great
  Britain)
• Today not an issue

9
Religious Conflict - Balkans

• 1990s Slovenia and Croatia separate from
  Yugoslavia
• Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Croatia
  and Slovenia became free from Serbian rule
• February 1992 Bosnia Herzegovina declared
  independence
• April 1992 Serbia and Montenegro formed a new
  Yugoslavia
• While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported
  independence, Bosnian Serbs did not

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Religious Conflict - Balkans

• Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a
  brutal war in 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia
  Herzegovina of all Muslims)

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India

• Leader Gandhi
• Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance
  (boycotts and Salt March)
• Hindu-Muslim conflict
• 1947 partition India (Hindus) and Pakistan
  (Muslims)

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Pakistan

• Was created based on a religious issue and
  divided into two territories (East and West)
• Conflict between East and West (linguistic,
  religious, and regional issues)

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Bangladesh

• 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence
• East Pakistan became Bangladesh

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China

• Division of China into two nations at the end of
  the Chinese civil war
• Chiang Kai-shek nationalist China (Taiwan)
• Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Communist China
  (mainland China)
• Continuing conflict

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Developed Nations

• North America and Europe
• Economic stability - prosperous
• High literacy rates (most people can read and
  write)
• Health care (most people have access to health
  care)
• Low birth rate/low infant mortality rate
• Population growth - slow

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Developing Nations

• Africa and Asia
• Economic Conditions Poverty
• Low literacy rate
• Health care (diseases)
• High birth rate/high infant mortality rate
• Growing population rapid

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Impact of New Technologies

• Widespread but unequal access to computers and
  instantaneous communications
• Genetic engineering and bioethics

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Factors Affecting Environment and Society

• Economic development (pollution)
• Rapid population growth (strain on natural
  resources)

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Environmental Challenges

• Pollution
• Loss of habitat (places to live)
• Global climate change

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Social Challenges

• Poverty
• Poor health
• Illiteracy
• Famine
• Migration

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Economic Interdependence

• Role of rapid transportation, communication, and
  computer networks
• Rise and influence of multinational corporations
• Changing role of international boundaries
• Regional integration (European Union
  tariff-free trade among European nations)

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Economic Interdependence

• Trade Agreements North American Free Trade
  Agreement (NAFTA) tariff-free trade between
  U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade
  Organization (WTO) monitors trade among nations
• International Organizations United Nations
  International Monetary Fund (IMF) offers
  emergency funds to countries in crisis

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Refugees

• Refugees as an issue in international conflicts
  (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of
  Palestinians into Jordan) people who are forced
  to leave their homelands because of war, poverty,
  political problems, and environmental disasters

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Migrant Workers

• People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere
  (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the
  United States) guest workers