CPU (Central Processing Unit)

1
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• The brain of the computer that takes care of
  all the computations and processes.

2
Architecture

• The component of CPU include,
• CU Control Unit Directs and manages the
  activities of the processor.
• ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs
  Arithmetic and Logical operations.(, -, x, /,
  gt,lt, )
• FPU Floating Point Unit. Performs division and
  large decimal operations.
• Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data
  that the processor needs.
• I/O Unit Input Output unit. The gateway for the
  processor.

3
Architecture
4
Processor Types
5
Processor Types

• Two types
• Socket type
• Slot type.
• Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is
  known as Pin Grid Array (PGA).
• Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged
  Contact Cartridge (SECC).

6
Types of Processors
PGA
SECC
7
Intel Scalar Processors

• 8085-8bit
• 8086-16bit
• 80186-32bit
• 80286-32bit
• 80386(SX/DX)-32 bit
• 80486(SX/DX)-32bit

8
Super Scalar Processors

• Pentium first super scalar processor
• Pentium family uses super scalar technology
• P4 also uses Hyper Threading(HT)

9
Processor Manufacturers

• Intel (Integrated Electronics)
• AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
• VIA
• Cyrix

10
Brands of Intel

• Pentium I
• Pentium Pro
• Pentium MMX
• Pentium II
• Pentium III
• Pentium IV
• Pentium D
• Celeron
• Centrino M
• Core 2 Duo
• Core 2 Extreme
• Core 2 Quad

11
Brands of AMD

• Athlon
• Duron
• Sempron
• Turion

12
Pentium (1993)

• 273/296 pins
• PGA arrangement
• Socket 4,5 or 7
• Speed60 to 200 MHz
• L1 cache-16 KB
• L2-256 to 512 KB
• Power supply- 3.3 to 5 v
• Transistors3.1 to 3.3 million
• Features1st super scalar processor,64 bit
  registers

13
Pentium Pro (1995)

• 387 pins
• SPGA
• Socket 8
• 150-200 MHz
• L1 cache 8 KB instruction, 8 KB data (Harvard
  architecture).
• 256kb to 1mb L2
• 3.1 to 3.3v power supply
• 5.5 million transistors
• Used in servers, first processor to use 36 bit
  address bus(64 GB RAM)

14
Pentium MMX (1997)

• 296 pins
• SPGA
• Socket 7
• 166 to 233 MHZ
• 32 KB L1
• 256-512 KB L2
• P.S 3.3v-Ext,2.8v-Internal
• 4.5 million transistors
• Enhanced multimedia

15
Pentium II (1997)

• 242 contacts
• SEC/SECC
• Slot 1
• 233-333 MHz
• 32 KB L1
• 512KB L2
• 3.3v power supply
• 7.5 million transistors
• First SEC processor

16
Pentium III (1999)

• 242 contacts/370 pins
• SEPP/SECC/PGA
• PGA370/slot 1
• 450 MHz to 1.13 GHz
• 32 KB L1
• 256 KB to 512 KB L2
• 2v power supply
• 9.1 to 9.3 million transistors
• Streaming SIMDA
• (single instr. multiple data access)

17
Pentium 4 (2000)

• 423/478 pins
• SPGA
• PGA 423/PGA 478(PGA2)
• 1.3 to 3.2 GHz
• 8 KB L1
• 256 KB to 512 KB L2
• 1.44 to 1.75v power supply
• Billion transistors
• Net burst architecture
• Technology HT (Hyper Threading) (above 2.4 GHz)

18
Hyper threading

• A technology developed by Intel that enables
  multithreaded software applications to execute
  threads in parallel on a single processor instead
  of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older
  systems took advantage of dual-processing
  threading in software by splitting instructions
  into multiple streams so that more than one
  processor could act upon them at once.

19
Celeron
A brand name for a line of Intel microprocessors
introduced in June, 1998. Celeron chips are based
on the same P6 architecture as the Pentium II
microprocessor, but are designed for low-cost
PCs. They run at somewhat lower clock speeds (266
and 300 MHz) and are not as expandable as Pentium
II microprocessors.
20
AMD K5 (1995)

• 296 pins
• PGA
• Socket 7
• 75 to 116 MHz
• 8 KB L1
• 3.52 v power supply
• 4.3 million transistors
• 32 bit address bus(4 GB RAM), 64 bit data bus.

21
AMD K6

• 296 pins
• PGA
• Socket 7
• 166-266 MHz
• 256 KB to 1MB L1
• 3.3 v power supply
• 8.8 million transistors
• 32 bit address bus(4 GB RAM), 64 bit data bus.

22
Three versions of the Athlon processor have been
introduced so far. The first version was the K7
version that ran between 500MHz and 700MHz,
provided a 128KB L1 cache and a 512KB L2
cache, employed a 100MHz system bus, and used
Slot-A.
23
AMD
The Athlon is a Pentium III clone processor. It
is available in a Slot 1 cartridge clone, called
the Slot-A specification.
The Duron processor is a Celeron clone processor
that conforms to the AMD Socket-A specification.
The Duron features processor speeds between
600MHz and 1.3 GHz. It includes a 128KB L1 cache
and a 64KB L2 cache, and employs a 100MHz system
bus.
24
Installing CPU
Determine Socket Type The first step is to
figure out if you have a ZIF (Zero Insertion
Force) socket on your motherboard. The key to
this is to look for a small plastic or metal
lever along one side of the socket. If you see
one, it is a ZIF socket. Virtually all Pentium
class or later motherboards have these, and many
486 motherboards do as well.
25
Orient Processor To Socket The processor and
socket are both square, so you have to be sure to
orient the processor so that it lines up
correctly to the socket. Both pieces of hardware
will have a distinguishing mark in one corner to
indicate where pin 1 is. On the processor, look
for one of the following a dot on the surface of
the chip in one corner a notch in one corner a
diagonal bit of gold coming from the patch on the
underside of the chip or a square-shaped gold
pad where one of the corner pins connects to the
underside of the chip. Typical markings on the
socket are a slightly different pattern of pin
holes in one corner, a "1", or a notch in the
socket.
26
Open ZIF Socket Assuming that your board has a
ZIF socket, open it up. This is done by grasping
the lever next to the socket, and then lifting it
up and pulling it back until it is vertical,
perpendicular to the motherboard. On some ZIF
sockets, you will have to pull the lever out away
from the socket first slightly before lifting it
up. This will cause the top part of the socket to
shift and thereby open the socket. On some older
motherboards the lever can tend to stick and it
may take a bit of pressure to get the lever to
get all the way open.
27
Insert Processor Into Socket Double-check the
orientation of the processor, and then place it
into the socket. Follow these instructions
depending on what type of socket you have ZIF
Socket The ZIF socket is appropriately named
the CPU should really drop right into the socket
and no force at all should be required. If any
is, you probably don't have the socket all the
way open. Lightly tap the processor into place in
the socket. Non-ZIF Socket Older non-ZIF
sockets require you to push the processor into
the socket. If you do this incorrectly you can
damage the CPU. The way to do it is to first put
the ends of the pins into the socket. Apply light
pressure all around the surface of the CPU. Then
move around the surface of the processor,
applying firm but even pressure over the entire
surface. Go slowly it may take a full minute or
longer. Don't push too hard and make sure the
pressure is even.
28
Check That Chip Is Inserted Fully Carefully
check the processor to make sure that it is fully
inserted into the socket. There should be very
little space between the bottom surface of the
processor and the top of the socket, less than
1/16" (less than 1 mm).
29
Installing Heat Sink
Apply Heat Sink Compound Open up the heat sink
compound and apply a thin layer to the surface of
the CPU using your finger. The layer should just
be thick enough to obscure the surface of the
chip.
30
Attach Heat Sink Place the heat sink on the
surface of the CPU. Then secure the heat sink to
the processor. Some heat sinks simply slip over
the edges of the processor and just kind of "sit
there". Most newer ones use metal clips that
attach to the processor socket.
31
Installing SECC Processor
1. Unfold the URM (universal retention mechanism)
arms. 2. Flip both arms up until they lock into
position. 3. Examine the fan and processor to
see how the fan brace lines up with holes in the
side of the SECC (single edge contact cartridge).
4. Place the fan directly on the side of the
SECC. They should fit tightly with no spaces in
between. 5. After the fan and SECC are fitted
together, push the clamp on the fan down and into
place to secure the fan to the SECC.    6.
Insert the fan and SECC into the supporting arms.
The SECC should fit snugly into Slot 1. The
arms should snap into position when the SECC is
fully seated. 7. Lock the SECC into position by
pulling the SECC locks outward until they lock
into the supporting arm lock holes.    8.
Connect the power cord coming from the fan to the
power connection on your system board.