POLITICS OF THE ROARING TWENTIES

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POLITICS OF THE ROARING TWENTIES

• Chapter 20

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AMERICANS STRUGGLE WITH POSTWAR ISSUES

• Section 1

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How did World War I affect America?
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The end of WWI hurt the economy

• Returning soldiers took jobs away from women
  minorities OR
• Returning soldiers faced unemployment themselves.

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NATIVISM ISOLATIONISM

• Swept over America as people became suspicious of
  foreigners wanted to pull away from world
  affairs

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FEAR OF COMMUNISM

• Americans saw Communism as a threat to their way
  of life

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Communists came to power in Russia through
violent revolution

• Communism is an economic political system that
  supports government control over property.

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WWI created economic political problems in
Russia

• 1917, the Russian czar (Nicholas II) stepped down
  a group of revolutionaries called Bolsheviks
  took power.

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Bolshevik Revolution 1917
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New Leadership in Russia (Soviet Union)

• Vladimir I. Lenin

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This new government called for worldwide
revolution..

• Communist leaders wanted workers to seize
  political economic power
• They wanted to overthrow capitalism.

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The RED SCARE

• In the U.S., about 70,000 people joined the
  Communist Party.
• Still, the ideas of the communists, or Reds,
  frightened many people

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PALMER RAIDS

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer set up an
  agency in the Justice Dept. to arrest communists,
  socialists, anarchists (later became FBI).

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Palmers raids trampled on peoples
rightsespecially radicals.

• Many were sent out of the country w/out trial.

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SACCO VANZETTI
Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco (Dedham
courthouse, 1923)

• Two Italian immigrants who were arrested for
  robbery murder in Massachusetts.

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Sacco Vanzetti were admitted anarchists but
JUDGE WEBSTER THAYER

• Denied committing any crime.
• The case against them was weak they were
  convicted anyway

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Many protested the convictionThey believed it
was based on a fear of foreigners.
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Sacco Vanzetti executed in 1927
Sacco and Vanzetti death masks 
Funeral Procession
Death Watch in Union Square, New York
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LIMITING IMMIGRATION
Immigrants at Ellis Island

• How did Americans show their Nativist feelings?

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Some Americans used the Red Scare as an excuse to
act against people who were different.

• Example was the Ku Klux Klan.

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QUOTA SYSTEM

• Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921.
• Set a limit on how many immigrants from each
  country could enter the U.S. each year.
• In 1924, a new quota limited immigration from
  Eastern Southern Europemostly Jews Roman
  Catholics.

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1924, Immigration from Japan banned.
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3 MAJOR STRIKES IN 1919

• (Strikes were not allowed during World War I)

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1) Boston police officers strike for a living
wage.

• The cost of living had doubled since their last
  raise.
• Mass. Governor Calvin Coolidge used force to put
  down the strike.

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2) Steelworker strike at U.S. Steel Corporation.

• Workers demanded right to join unions.
• 1923, report revealed harsh conditions in steel
  mills.
• Public opinion turned against steel companies
  workers were given an 8 hour day.Still had no
  union.

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3) United Mine Workers Strike

• Led by John L. Lewis, president of the United
  Mine Workers.
• President Wilson tried to help settle the dispute
  b/w miners mine owners.
• Miners got higher wages, but didnt get shorter
  hours.

John L. Lewis
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Overall, the 1920s was a bad time for unions.

• Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.5
  million.
• WHY?

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1. Immigrants were willing to work in poor
   conditions
2. Language barriers made organizing people
   difficult
3. Farmers who had migrated to cities were used to
   relying on themselves
4. Most unions excluded African Americans.

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THE HARDING PRESIDENCY

• Section 2

Personal First Lady Florence "Flossie" Mabel
Kling Harding, Wife Number of Children 1
Education Level College School Attended Ohio
Central College Religion Baptist Profession
Teacher, Insurance Salesman, Reporter, Publisher
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Washington Naval Conference1921

• President Warren G. Harding invited several major
  world powers.

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DISARMAMENT

• At the Conference, Secretary of State Charles
  Evans Hughes urged that no more warships be built
  for 10 years.
• Hughes also urged that the 5 major naval powers
  (U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France Italy)
  scrap many of their existing warships

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Kellogg-Briand Pact1928
   Frank B. Kellogg, U.S. Secretary of State

• 64 nations signed that they giving up war as
  national policy

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U.S. still wanted France Britain to repay
borrowed during WWI
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

• Tariff protected American business from foreign
  competition.
• But the tariff made it impossible for Britain
  France to sell their goods in the U.S.

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The DAWES PLAN
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Under the Dawes Plan.

• U.S. loaned to Germany to pay back Britain
  France
• Then Britain France repaid U.S.
• So.the U.S. ended up getting paid w/its own !

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Scandal Hits Hardings Administration
ohio gang

• Some of his cabinet appointments caused
  problems They were part of the so-called OHIO
  GANG

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TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

• Involved pieces of land called Teapot Dome Elk
  Hills
• Was owned by the government held large reserves
  of oil.

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Hardings secretary of the interior, Albert B.
Fall, secretly leased the land to 2 oil companies

• He received property in return.

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President Harding wasnt charged w/corruption
himself.

• He suddenly died in 1923 Calvin Coolidge became
  president.

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THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA

• Section 3

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The new president, Calvin Coolidge said

• The chief business of the American people is
  business

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The AUTOMOBILE changed the American landscape.
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New roads were built. New businesses sprang up
like gas stations, repair shops, public garages,
motels, tourist camps shopping centers.
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Cities in Ohio Michigan grew as major centers
of automobile manufacturing.
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States that produced OIL such as California
Texas also prospered.
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The automobile also became a status
symbol.Everyone wanted to have one.
1920 ROLLS-ROYCE

• By the late 1920s, about 80 of all the cars in
  the world were in the U.S.

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URBAN SPRAWL(Cities spread out in all directions)

• Cars ended isolation of rural families gave
  young people women more independence.
• Cars also made it possible for people to live
  farther from their jobs.

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The airline industry also grew.

• Planes carried the nations mail.
• Passenger service began.

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AMERICAS STANDARD OF LIVING SOARS!!!

• How did the American household change?

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Spread of ELECTRICITY caused a major change.

• In the 1920s, electric power stretched beyond
  big cities to the suburbs.

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Americans began to use all kinds of electrical
appliances.

• Radios, washing machines, vacuum cleaners
  became popular.
• These appliances made housework easier.

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Resulted in more leisure time for families and.
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Increase in the number of women working outside
the home.
Nursing in the 1920s
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More consumer goods appeared on the market.

• Businesses used advertising to sell goods. They
  used Psychologytried to use peoples desire for
  youth, beauty, popularity to sell products.

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Business people formed organizations to do
charity work.

• They also formed organizations to promote
  business.

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The National income rose from 64 billion in 1921
to 87 billion in 1929.

• Most businesses seemed to make fortunes.
• The stock market reached new heights.

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THE SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY OF THE 1920s

• What hidden problems did the economy have?

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1) Business wasnt as healthy as it seemed

• Large businesses bought up or merged w/smaller
  ones.
• But as businesses grew, business managers made
  much more than workers did.
• Also, mining companies, railroads, farms
  werent doing well.

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2) Consumer debt rose to high levels

• Businesses encouraged customers to buy on the
  INSTALLMENT PLAN.
• Banks provided at low interest rates.
• Average Americans were spending more than they
  actually had.

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COMING UP NEXT!!!!
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THE ROARING LIFE OF THE 1920s
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