Chapter 20 The Roaring Twenties

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Chapter 20 The Roaring Twenties
Section Notes
Video
The Roaring Twenties
American Life Changes The Harlem Renaissance A
New Popular Culture Is Born
Maps
African American Migration, 19101920
History Close-up
The Harlem Renaissance
Images
The Charleston Urban and Rural Population,
18901930 The Spirit of St. Louis Flappers
Quick Facts
Visual Summary The Roaring Twenties
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American Life Changes

• The Main Idea
• The United States experienced many social changes
  during the 1920s.
• Reading Focus
• What were the new roles for American women in the
  1920s?
• What were the effects of growing urbanization in
  the United States in the 1920s?
• In what ways did the 1920s reveal a national
  conflict over basic values?
• What was Prohibition, and how did it affect the
  nation?

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New Roles for Women
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The Flapper
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Effects of Urbanization

• 1920s ? great economic opportunities for many,
  except for farmers
• Demand for products ?
• 1st Time ? More Americans in cities than in rural
  areas
• Automobile helped bring the cities and the
  country together
• Education ? ? states passed laws requiring
  children to attend school, helping force children
  out of workplaces

As industry grew, more people could afford to
send their children to school
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Conflicts over Values

• Americans in cities shift in values
• Rural America ? traditional spirit of hard work,
  self-reliance, religion, and independence
• Cities ? changes that threatened
  rural/traditional values
• Extreme reaction to values change Ku Klux Klan
  grew dramatically in the 1920s
• Used violence, targeting African Americans,
  Catholics, Jews, and all immigrants
• 1920s ? Klan focused on influencing politics
• Membership spread nationwide
• Peak membership in the millions, many from
  Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio ? declined in the
  late 1920s because of a series of scandals
  affecting Klan leaders

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The Rise of Fundamentalism

• Changing times many turn to religion for
  answers
• Key figure ? minister Billy Sunday
• Condemned radicals and criticized the changing
  attitudes of women, reflecting much of white,
  rural Americas ideals
• Sundays Christian beliefs based on a literal
  translation of the Bible ? fundamentalism
• Another fundamentalist preacher ? Aimee Semple
  McPherson

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The Scopes Trial

• Showed the conflict in values between
  rural/traditional vs. urban/modern
• Conflict Teaching of Charles Darwins theory of
  evolution in schools
• Darwin ? humans evolved from monkeys
• Fundamentalists ? humans were created by God -
  Creationism
• Fundamentalist law in Tennessee outlawed teaching
  of evolution
• Science teacher, John Scopes violated the law,
  arrested trial
• Clarence Darrow ? represented Scopes
• William Jennings Bryan ? represented the
  prosecution
• Scopes convicted and fined 100, but Darrow never
  got a chance to appeal because the conviction was
  overturned by higher court

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Prohibition

• Progressives (WCTU) World War I
• Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists
  favored prohibition ? alcohol contributed to
  societys evils (cities)
• 18th Amendment ? banned manufacture, sale,
  transport of alcohol (Volstead Act)
• Alcohol consumption did ?BUT
• Enforcing it proved to be virtually impossible ?
  drinking itself, not illegal Millions violated
  the laws
• Smuggling operations emerge ? bootleggers
• Speakeasies ? illegal bars with alcohol
• Many made their own liquor, others got alcohol
  from doctors
• Organized crime ? ? Ex Chicago gangster Al
  Capone

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The Harlem Renaissance

• The Main Idea
• Transformations in the African American community
  contributed to a blossoming of black culture
  centered in Harlem, New York.
• Reading Focus
• What was the Great Migration, and what problems
  and opportunities faced African Americans in the
  postWorld War I era?
• What was Harlem, and how was it affected by the
  Great Migration?
• Who were the key figures of the Harlem
  Renaissance?

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The Great Migration

• The Great Migration ? major relocation of African
  Americans from the South to Northern cities
  (1910-1920s)
• Chicago, Detroit, NY ? African American
  populations ?
• Southern life ? low-paying jobs, segregation,
  racial violence
• North ? chance for freedom, economic
  opportunities (jobs)
• Harlem, New York ? a favorite destination for
  migrating African Americans
• Found opportunities, but also racism
• Job competition
• Racial violence (ex 1919 Chicago riots)
• Greater expectations of equality (ex after WWI)

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Life in Harlem

• NYC Harlem ? unofficial capital of African
  American culture and activism
• W.E.B. Du Bois ? key voice in Harlem
• 1909 ? National Association for the Advancement
  of Colored People (NAACP)
• Editor of The Crisis ? a major outlet for African
  American writing and poetry, which helped promote
  the African American literary and arts movement ?
  the Harlem Renaissance

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Marcus Garvey
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A Renaissance in Harlem
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Harlem Renaissance Performers and Musicians
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A New Popular Culture is Born

• The Main Idea
• New technologies helped produce a new mass
  culture in the 1920s.
• Reading Focus
• How did mass entertainment change in the 1920s?
• Who were the cultural heroes of the 1920s?
• How was the culture of the 1920s reflected in the
  arts and literature of the era?

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Radio Drives Popular Culture
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Movies
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Film Star Heroes

• Movie stars were born
• Charlie Chaplin ? a comedian whose signature
  character was a tramp in a derby hat and ragged
  clothes
• Rudolph Valentino ? leading man of romantic
  films, was such a big star that his unexpected
  death in 1926 drew tens of thousands of women to
  the funeral home where his body lay
• Clara Bow nicknamed the It Girl
• Mary Pickford was considered Americas
  Sweetheart and was married to Douglas Fairbanks
  Jr., a major star of action films
• Their home, called Pickfair, was in Hollywood,
  the center of the motion picture industry

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Pilot Heroes of the Twenties
Charles Lindbergh
Amelia Earhart
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Sports Heroes

• Radio helped inflame the public passion for
  sports, and millions of Americans tuned in to
  broadcasts of ballgames and prize fights
  featuring their favorite athletes.

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Arts of the 1920s

• The great economic and social changes of the
  1920s offered novelists a rich source of
  materials.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald helped create the flapper
  image, coined the term the Jazz Age, and
  explored the lives of the wealthy in The Great
  Gatsby and other novels and stories.
• Sinclair Lewis wrote about the emptiness of
  middle-class life.
• Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote poems on topics
  ranging from celebrations of youth to leading
  social causes of the day.
• Willa Cather and Edith Wharton produced notable
  works of literature.
• Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos were war
  veterans and, as part of the so-called Lost
  Generation, wrote about war experiences.
• Gertrude Stein invented the term Lost Generation,
  referring to a group of writers who chose to live
  in Europe after World War I.
• Bruce Bartons novel compared Jesus to a modern
  business executive.
• George Gershwin was a composer best known for
  Rhapsody in Bluewhich showed the impact of
  jazzas well as popular songs written with his
  brother Ira.

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