Luther

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Luther The Protestant Reformation
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Why does it matter?

• Nearly 1/5 of the Christians in todays world are
  Protestants.
• The Reformation not only changed the face of
  Christianity in Europe, it also changed the
  culture.
• Luther called for a reform not a revolt.

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Causes of the Reformation

• Social

• Political

• Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led
  people to question the Church.
• The printing press helped to spread ideas
  critical of the Church

• Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the
  supreme power in Europe.
• Many rulers viewed the pope as a foreign ruler
  and challenged his authority.

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Causes of the Reformation

• Economic

• Religious

• European princes and kings were jealous of the
  Churchs wealth.
• Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes
  to the Church.

• Some church leaders had become worldly and
  corrupt.
• Many people found church practices such as the
  sale of indulgences corrupt.

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Luther The 95 Theses

• Luther went to seminary and then began teaching
  scripture at the University of Wittenberg.
• While there he began to study beyond the limits
  of the school and became angry with practices of
  the Catholic Church.
• Specifically he became a spokesman against the
  selling of indulgences. (Johann Tetzel)

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The 95 Theses

• - Martin Luther was so troubled by the selling of
  indulgences by Tetzel, that he wrote his 95
  theses (formal statements) attacking those who
  called for the selling of indulgences to save
  ones soul.

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Luthers 3 Major Teachings

• People could win salvation only by faith in Gods
  gift of forgiveness. The church taught that
  faith and good works were needed.
• All Church teachings should be clearly based on
  the words of the Bible. Both the pope and church
  traditions were false authorities.
• All people with faith were equal. Therefore
  people did not need priests to interpret the
  Bible for them.

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The Response to Luther

• Pope Leo X threatens Luther with excommunication
  if he does not take back his statements.
• Luther will not take them back and is
  excommunicated by the Pope.

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The Response to Luther

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V opposes Luthers
  teachings and summons him to court.
• He claims Luther is a heretic and outlaw and that
  his books must be burned.

• Peasants Revolt of 1524 leaves 100,000 people
  dead across Europe.
• Luther is horrified and hurries to stop the
  peasants.
• He called for reform.not revolt.

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War within Germany

• Charles V declares war on his own princes. After
  defeating them though, he is unable to force them
  into the Catholic Church.
• The famous religious settlement between Charles V
  and his princes becomes known as the Peace of
  Augsburg.

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The Founding of Protestantism

• German princes support Luther and will not let
  the Catholic Church exercise control over them.
• Those who are Christians but belong to
  non-Catholic churches begin to be known as
  Protestants.

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English Monarchs Their Beliefs

• Henry VIII

• Edward VI

• Was Catholic and became a Protestant for
  political reasons.
• Was convinced his wife Catherine would have no
  more children to take the throne.
• Had Parliament pass laws to end the popes power
  and allow Henry to divorce.

• Was Protestant but was too young too run the
  empire.
• Has older advisors who are all Protestant.
• Only reigned for 6 years.

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English Monarchs Their Beliefs

• Mary I

• Elizabeth

• Took the throne in 1553 and was Catholic.
• She returned the throne to the English Church.
• She met much resistance until her death.

• Determined to return her kingdom to
  Protestantism.
• Parliament obeyed and set up the Anglican Church
  which was to be known as the only Church of
  England.
• This would be a moderate church encouraging both
  Catholics and Protestants to join.

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The Anglican Church

• Pleased Protestants

• Pleased Catholics

• Priests were allowed to marry.
• Sermons were given in English so the common man
  could understand.

• Kept many traditions such as the rich robes.
• Church services were revised to be similar to
  Catholic services.

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Protestant Reformation

• Led by Martin Luther.
• Was begun to rid the Church of wrongdoings and
  misinterpretations of scripture.
• Changed the Catholic Church and created the
  Protestant Church.
• Led to much debate, turmoil, and even bloodshed
  within Europe.
• Led to a period of constant change in the English
  monarchy.

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Reformation Illustration

• Create an illustration depicting the story of the
  Protestant Reformation.
• Select a part or all of what weve studied to
  illustrate.
• On the back of the paper, describe what your
  picture illustrates.