Petroleum Refining, Oil Spills, Coal, and Alternatives

1
Petroleum Refining,Oil Spills, Coal,and
Alternatives
2
(No Transcript)
3
Petroleum

• Also used for raw materials
• Less than ½ recovered economics
• Demand will outstrip supply in this decade
• Price?
• Why is OPEC keeping the price of oil so low?

4
(No Transcript)
5
Refining of Petroleum

• Petroleum is a complex mixture of many sized
  mostly linear hydrocarbon molecules
• First step is separating out different size
  groups
• Fractional distillation
• A fraction is a portion of the crude oil in which
  the molecules fall in a range of sizes or boiling
  points.

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Petroleum Refining

• Catalytic cracking
• Uses a catalyst
• Breaks up large molecules into smaller ones
• From less valuable fractions to more valuable
• Produces some alkenes
• Boosts octane rating

9
(No Transcript)
10
Petroleum Refining

• Straight-run gasoline is low quality
• Octane rating of 55
• Catalytic reforming
• Uses a catalyst
• Converts straight chain HCs to branched ones and
  aromatics and other unsaturated HCs
• Boosts octane rating

11
(No Transcript)
12
Lead compounds used to be used to boost
octane Lead pollution became a problem
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Reformulated Gasoline

• Add oxygen containing compounds
• Ethanol
• Methanol
• MTBE
• ETBE
• Required in high pollution areas
• In Utah?

16
Oil Spills

• Many natural ones California coast
• Can harm the environment, at least short term
• Long term, nature has ways of cleaning up
• Mostly consumed by bacteria and oxidized.
• Other sources
• Normal tanker operations, tanker accidents
• Blow-outs, changing oil

17
Coal

• Largest supply 250 - 1500 years worth
• Different types of coal - age
• Much more complex

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
Coal

• 88 of coal burned in US generates electricity
• Dirtier burning ash, sulfur, etc.
• Not very mobile
• Best bet Gasification or Liquifaction
• Break up into smaller molecules and add hydrogen
• Central removal of pollution
• Held back by economics
• Called clean coal technologies

21
Coal Mining

• Dangerous
• Over 100,000 killed in US in last century
• Getting safer all the time
• Strip mining stripping off covering and
  scooping out coal
• Less dangerous
• Harder on the environment

22
Alternatives

• Methanol
• ½ the energy content of gasoline
• ½ the cost of gasoline
• Very corrosive to the fuel system
• M85 and M100
• E85 and E100
• FFVs

23
Alternatives

• Electricity secondary source (converted)
• 36 of energy in the US is used to produce
  electricity
• Average efficiency 31 Lost?
• More mobile and clean
• Garbage, burn or ferment
• Geothermal
• Wind
• Temperature difference in oceans
• Biomass, burn or ferment
• Solar

24
H12 C4

• 33, 36 - 39, 41, 55, 65 - 67