ENERGY!!

1
ENERGY!!

• Ch 10, 11, 12

2
Developed vs. Developing

• 20 of the worlds population lives in highly
  developed countries in 2000, these people used
  60 of the commercial energy consumed worldwide.
• That means
• Each person in highly developed countries uses
  approximately eight times as much energy as each
  person in developing countries.

3
Annual per-capita commercial energy consumption
in 2000.
4

• DEVELOPING
• Farmers rely on their own physical energy or
  animal energy.
• Goal of Developing Countries improve the
  standard of living.
• Boost economic development?
• Will be followed by a rise in per-capita energy
  consumption.
• DEVELOPED
• High-energy input
• Fertilizers, machinery, pesticides, etc.
• Makes the agricultural productivity higher!
• Developed nations have a more stable population,
  so per-capita energy consumption may be close to
  saturation.
• Must increase energy
  efficiency!!!

5
FOSSIL FUELS

• Partially decayed remnants of organisms formed
  millions of years ago.
• NONRENEWABLE!!!
• Formation
• COAL
• Swamp plants died and fell into the water, which
  slowed their decay (little O2)
• Layers of sediment piled on top
• Pressure formed carbon-rich coal between layers
  of sedimentary rock.
• OIL
• Microscopic aquatic organisms died settled to
  bottom.
• Their decay lowered the O2, further slowing
  decay.
• Formed hydrocarbon mixture called Oil.
• NATURAL GAS
• Same way as Oil, only at higher temperatures.

6
COAL

• 4 types
• Lignite, Sub-Bituminous, Bituminous,
• Anthracite
• How do the following change
• Color?
• Water content?
• Sulfur Content?
• Carbon Content?
• Avg. Heat Value (BTU/Pound)?
• Cost?
• Coal Reserves Worldwide ?

7
Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act (1977)

• Surface mines can have substantial effects on the
  environment
• Large open pits or trenches
• Acid and toxic mineral drainage
• Dangerous landslides
• Restorations were half hearted
• SMCRA requires coal companies to restore areas.
  Reclamation begins during the mining process, not
  after mining ends

8
Problems with Coal?

• Brainstorm!!!
• Safety issues
• Mine collapses, disease
• (Black Lung)
• Environmental Issues
• Land disruption (open pit mines, mountain top
  removal), acid mine drainage, increased erosion,
  sediment pollution in streams, landslides
• Air emissions (CO2, SulfurNitrogen
• oxides, acid deposition and
• acidification of lakes/streams)

9
Making Coal a Cleaner Fuel

• SCRUBBERS
• Recall uses mist of water to remove precipitates
• Can sell the sludge to manufacturers
• Sludge can make Wallboard, soil conditioner
• Fly Ash an make lightweight concrete
• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
• 1 Fluidized-Bed Combustion
• Mix crushed coal w/ limestone O2 at low temps.
• Produces fewer nitrogen oxides
• Produces NO sulfur oxides (sulfur mixes with the
  limestone)
• 2 Coal Gasification
• Mix crushed coal w/ steam air to produce CH4
  CO2!
• Sulfur is naturally removed, so no scrubbers are
  needed.
• NOTE Clean Coal isnt perfect still
  have CO2 released!

10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
OIL NATURAL GAS

• Petroleum / Crude Oil
• Hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds
• How is it created???
• Microscopic aquatic organisms dont decay much.
  Sediment piles on top, and they become oil!
• How are they separated?
• Based on boiling points!
• Fractional Distillation

13
Structural Traps

• How Oil Natural gas form
• They migrate upward (low density) and are trapped
  by impermeable rock layers.

14
Whos got it??

• NATURAL GAS mostly in Russia Iran

• OIL mostly in the Persian Gulf

ALSO Much may be found in the cont. shelf!
15
How long will it last?

• Difficult to say
• Oil production will peak between 2010 2020.
• Improving tech will allow us to extract more
• produce oil from natural gas, coal synfuels.
• Then the oil peak will move to 2050 2100

16

• Dependence of the United States and other
  countries on Middle Eastern oil has potential
  international security implications as well as
  economic impacts.

17
Environmental Problems with Oil Natural Gas

• Burning (combustion), obtaining fuels (production
  transport)
• Increased carbon dioxide emissions
• Every gallon of gas releases 20lb. of carbon
  dioxide
• Acid deposition (Nox)
• Natural Gas does not pollute as much as oil
• Relatively clean, efficient source with almost no
  S
• Produces less CO2, fewer hydrocarbons and few
  particulate matter

18
Exxon Valdez (1989)

• Supertanker hit Bligh Reef
• Spilled 10.9 million gallons of crude into Prince
  William Sound, Alaska
• Killed a LOT of wildlife
• 30,000 birds (ducks, loons, cormorants, eagles)
• 3,500- 5,000 sea otters
• Killer whale harbor seal population disrupted
• Salmon migration disrupted
• No fishing for the year in the area
• Cleaned the area using mechanized steam cleaning
  and rinsing (killed shoreline organisms)
• Cost estimated at 10 billion
• OIL POLLUTION ACT (1990)
• Established liability for damages to natural
  resources resulting from spills
• Requires double hulls on all oil tankers that
  enter US waters.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Persian Gulf Oil Spill (1991)

• 250 mill gallons of crude were dumped into the
  Persian Gulf (6x that of Exxon).
• Oil wells were set on fire lakes of oil spilled
  into the desert
• Initial cleanup efforts hampered by the war.

21
(No Transcript)
22
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

• 1980 NE Alaska declared wilderness area.
• 7.7 B barrels of oil within the refuge
• Bush supports opening refuge to drilling.
• Senate voted against development 2002.
• Continues to be debated today in congress.
• Conservationists believe that oil exploration
  posed permanent threats to the delicate balance
  of nature in the Alaskan wilderness.

23
Synfuels

• Synthetic Fuels
• Derived from coal other natural sources
• Liquid or gaseous
• Include
• Tar sands
• Oil shales
• Gas hydrates
• Liquefied coal
• Coal gas
• Remember Theyre alternatives, but
  theyre not perfect!!!
• Lots of CO2 emissions!

24
Synfuels Tar Sands

• aka Oil Sands
• Sand deposits permeated with thick oil called
  bitumen.
• Must be heated underground to make it fluid
  enough to pump.
• Must be refined like crude oil
• Lots of it!
• (1/2 again as much fuel as world oil reserves)
• Reserves in Venezuela Canada

25
Synfuels Oil Shales

• Rocks containing a mixture of hydrocarbons called
  kerogen.
• Must be crushed heated, and kerogen must be
  refined.
• Not yet cost efficient, although theres lot of
  it!
• Reserves in Australia, Estonia, Brazil, Sweden,
  USA, China

26
Synfuels Gas Hydrates

• aka Methane Hydrates
• Ice-encrusted natural gas
• Deposits in
• Arctic Tundra (deep below permafrost)
• Deep ocean sediments
• Expensive to mine
• Reserves in Russia

27
Synfuels

• Coal Liquefaction
• Nonalcoholic liquid (similar to oil)
• Produced from coal
• Less polluting than solid coal
• Too expensive now
• Coal Gasification
• Produce combustible methane
• C H2O ? CH4 CO2
• Burns almost as cleanly as natural gas

28
US Energy Policy!

• Increase energy efficiency conservation
• Low encourages high consumption should we
  increase the price??
• Govt Subsidies reduce the price to stimulate the
  economy
• Govt Taxes increase the price to generate
  revenue
• Which is better???
• Secure future fossil fuel energy supplies
• Only a temporary strategy
• Develop alternative energy sources
• Gasoline tax may help this
• Accomplish the first three objectives without
  further damaging the Environment
• Duh!!
• Remember Policies change every
• 4-8 years

29
NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Energy released in combustion reactions comes
  from changes in the chemical bonds that hold the
  atom together.
• Nuclear Energy involves changes within the nuclei
  of the atom. Small amounts of matter from the
  nucleus are converted into large amounts of
  energy
• Fission Larger atoms of certain elements are
  split into smaller atoms of certain elements.
  Power Plants.
• Fusion 2 smaller atoms are combined to make 1
  large atom of a different element. Mass of the
  end product is less than the mass of the starting
  materials? released as energy. The Sun.

30
The Atom
Neutron
Atomic Number of protons Atomic Mass
of protons of neutrons
Proton
Nucleus
Electron
Isotope forms of a given element with different
numbers of neutrons therefore different atomic
masses. ex) Hydrogen has 1 P and no N
Deuterium has 1 P and 1
N Tritium has 1 P and 2 N
As a radioactive element emits radiation, its
nucleus changes into the nucleus of a different
element that is more stable. Radioactive decay.
31

• Each radioisotope has its own characteristic rate
  of decay.
• Half-Life the period of time required for one
  half of the total amount of a radioactive
  substance to change into a different material.
• Iodine- 131 0.02 years ( 8.1 days)
• Krypton-85 10.4 years
• Plutonium- 239 24,400 years
• Uranium
• U-235 produces a fission chain reaction
• Critical mass amount of U-235 required to start
  a chain reaction
• Less than 1 of all uranium is U-235
• Known as enriched uranium

32
URANIUM PLUTONIUM

• U-235 produces a fission chain reaction
• Critical mass amount of U-235 required to start
  a chain reaction
• Less than 1 of all uranium is U-235
• Known as enriched uranium
• Half life 700 million years
• U-238
• Most common (99.3)
• Half life of 4.5 billion years
• When hit by a neutron it decays into PU-239
• PU-239
• Produced in breeder reactors from U-238
• Half life of 24,000 years
• Regulated by international inspections because it
  can be used in nuclear weapons.

33

• Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Mining
• Enrichment
• (refining process)
• Fuel rods
• Fuel assemblies
• (200 rods)
• Reactor
• ( 250 fuel assemblies)
• Fuel is used
• Fuel is reprocessed
• Fuel is disposed of or sent for enrichment.

34
Uranium Fission U-235 is bombarded with
neutrons and absorbs a neutron becoming unstable
and splits into 2 smaller atoms. Two or 3
neutrons are ejected and collide with other
U-235 causing a chain reaction. This releases an
enormous amount of heat? steam? ENERGY!!!
35
(No Transcript)
36
How is electricity produced??

• Reactor core- heat produced by nuclear fission is
  used to produce steam from liquid water.
• Steam generator- uses steam turn a turbine
• Turbine- generates electricity from steam
• Condenser- cools the steam converting it back to
  a liquid.
• Above each reactor core is a control rod made of
  metal alloy capable of absorbing neutrons.
• The plant will move this up and down depending
  on the energy needs throughout the day.

37
Nuclear Power Plant

• SAFETYThe reactor is surrounded by a huge steel
  pot like structure called a reactor vessel.
  Reactor vessel steam generator are placed in a
  containment building.

38
Three Water Circuits

• Primary water circuit (orange in fig 11.5)
• Heats water using energy produced by the fission
  rxn.
• Circulates water under high pressure through the
  core
• Superheated water cannot expand? stays liquid.
• Secondary Water Circuit (blue in fig 11.5)
• Convert the water to steam
• Tertiary Water Circuit (green in fig 11.5)
• Provides cool water to the condenser cooling off
  spent steam in the secondary water circuit.
• Water moves to a cooling tower or lake.

39
Breeder Nuclear Fission

• Uranium is mostly U-238 (not fissionable)
• U-238 is converted to Plutonium (Pu-239) which is
  fissionable
• Some neutrons emitted are used to produce
  additional plutonium from U-238.
• A breeder reactor makes more
• fissionable fuel than it uses!!!!
• Since breeder reactors can use U-238, it has the
  potential to generate much larger quantity of
  energy from uranium than traditional nuclear
  fission.
• Old waste from plants in the form of U-238 could
  be used as fuel.

40
Breeder Reaction
41
Is Nuclear Energy Cleaner?

• Supporters say nuclear energy is better than
  alternatives because it is less polluting and
  more economical and its fuel is plentiful.
• Spent fuel wastes are the only major concerns.
• Opponents refute these arguments.
• We should look at clean coal options
• Nuclear does not significantly lessen GW b/c only
  15 of greenhouse gasses are produced by plant.
• Uranium mining requires the combustion of fossil
  fuels.

42
Cost of Nuclear Power

• 104 nuclear power plants supply about 23 of US
  electricity.
• The US has not ordered a nuclear power plant
  since 1976.
• High cost
• Take years to plan build
• Nuclear regulatory process is cumbersome
  expensive.
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission must oversee all
  steps in planning and building each site.

43
SAFETY in Nuclear Power Plants

• MELTDOWN at high temperatures, the metal that
  encases the uranium fuel melts, releasing
  radiation.
• Also, the water used in a nuclear reactor can
  boil away, releasing radiation into the
  atmosphere.
• Two case studies
• THREE MILE ISLAND (Eastern Pennsylvania)
• CHORNOBYL (Former USSR now Ukraine)

44
Three Mile Island, PA -1979

• Result of human error after cooling system
  failed.
• 50 meltdown
• Containment building kept almost all
  radioactivity from escaping
• No substantial environmental damages and no
  immediate human casualties
• After 10 years, the only human health problem was
  increased stress.
• Increased public wariness, and caused new safety
  regulations to be enacted.

45
Chornobyl, USSR -1986

• 1 or 2 explosions destroyed the nuclear reactor
• Only 100 meltdown in world history
• Radiation quickly spread across Europe
• Human effects
• Many firefighters containing the fire later died
• 170,000 people had to permanently abandon their
  homes
• Death toll (as of 1999) was almost 170,000
• Nearly 400,000 adults and over 1 million children
  currently receive government aid for health
  problems
• Thyroid Cancer, leukemia, immune problems, birth
  defects
• Soil/farmland was severely damaged

46
Chornobyl, USSR -cont

• What happened??
• Design of the reactor was flawed
• no containment unit unstable at low power
• This type of reactor (RBMK) is not used in North
  America or Western Europe (too unsafe)
• Adjacent countries still use it!
• Human error
• Many plant operators had no training!
• How was it fixed??
• Entombed the destroyed reactor in a sarcophagus
• Recent inspections have revealed safety hazards
• Numerous cracks in the sarcophagus
• to fix it international donors are helping
  out.

47
Aftermath
48
(No Transcript)
49
Chornobyl gets a dome! ?
50
Link to Nuclear Weapons

• Spent Fuel Rods from nuclear energy reactors can
  be used to make bombs
• Storing it is a nightmare (security issue)
• Only a few kilograms are needed to make a bomb as
  strong as the Nagasaki/Hiroshima bombs
• Russian Political instability makes us nervous
• Former USSR has enough highly enriched uranium
  and plutonium to make 40,000 nuclear bombs.
• Big push in the international community to help
  Russia maintain nuclear security.
• IRAN- Do you watch the news?!?!
• US plans to get rid of over 50 tons of surplus
  plutonium from dismantling our warheads.
• Will be converted to MOX (mixed oxide), then
  burned as fuel in commercial power reactors.

51
NEW U.S. NUCLEAR POLICY as of 4-12-10

• The United States will not employ nuclear weapons
  against non-nuclear nations that are
  Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) signatories in
  good standing.
• IRAN The U.S. and other nations contend that
  Iran has violated the treaty's terms by pursuing
  atomic weapons, an accusation Iran denies.
• RUSSIA What has happened to their arsenal of
  weapons from the cold war??
• OUTCOME OF THE SUMMIT
• TO BE DETERMINED

52
Radioactive Wastes

• Low-Level radioactive wastes
• Give off small amounts of ionizing radiation
• Produced by nuclear power plants, research labs,
  hospitals, and industries.
• Low Level Radioactive Policy Act (1980)
• All states are responsible for the waste they
  generate.
• High-Level radioactive wastes
• Initially give off large amounts of ionizing
  radiation
• Produced by reactor metals (fuel rods and
  assemblies), coolant fluids, and gases in the
  reactor.
• FUEL RODS
• Absorb neutrons and form radioisotopes
• Only used for 3years
• Storage nightmare

53
Storage of Nuclear Waste

• Best bet is stable, underground rock formations.
• Vitrification
• solidifying liquid waste into
• solid glass or ceramic logs.
• Stored underground.
• SC (Savannah River) NY (West Valley)
• YUCCA MOUNTAIN
• Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982)
• Waste disposal is govt responsibility.
• Yucca Mountain (Nevada) was chosen as
• the only candidate for perm. disposal.
• Problems
• Near a volcano many earthquakes
• Could contaminate groundwater
• -NIMBY and NIMTOO

54
Renewable Energy and Conservation

• Chapter 12

55
CHAPTER 12 CLASS ASSIGNMENT

• You will be assigned a group
• FOR HOMEWORK, YOU WILL READ YOUR ASSIGNED SECTION
  (TOPIC) IN THE TEXT TAKE NOTES
• Notes will be checked for credit!
• Bring in any supplies you may need to make a
  presentation to the class on your topic
• Each person in the group must have one GOOD
  multiple choice question ready to hand in on
  their assigned topic next class.
• NEXT CLASS You will have 1/4 to 1/3 of a period
  to put your thoughts together on your assigned
  topic
• Presentations on each topic should be about 7- 10
  min each with question period following
• QUIZ ON ALL PRESENTATIONS
• THE FOLLOWING CLASS

56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)