Energy

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Energy

• Oil-Tar Sands-Natural Gas

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AP ? Of the Day

• Some automobiles in the US are fueled by natural
  gas. What is the primary environmental advantage
  of natural gas relative to gasoline as a
  transportation fuel?
• The US has 60 of the worlds proven natural gas
  reserves
• Natural gas is a renewable resource that is
  usually produced from corn and other agricultural
  products.
• When natural gas is burned in an automobile
  engine, the only emission is water vapor.
• Natural gas combustion emits fewer pollutants.
• There is an extensive retail distribution network
  for natural gas so natural gas is available at
  most gas stations.

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AP ? Of the Day

• Some automobiles in the US are fueled by natural
  gas. What is the primary environmental advantage
  of natural gas relative to gasoline as a
  transportation fuel?
• The US has 60 of the worlds proven natural gas
  reserves
• Natural gas is a renewable resource that is
  usually produced from corn and other agricultural
  products. Which fuel is this true for? Downfall
  could raise food prices. Leads to other
  ag-issues.
• When natural gas is burned in an automobile
  engine, the only emission is water vapor.
• Natural gas combustion emits fewer pollutants.
• There is an extensive retail distribution network
  for natural gas so natural gas is available at
  most gas stations.

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Dimensional Analysis Steps!

• Read the question to determine final units.
• Set the final units at the END of a dimensional
  analysis equation.
• Check that the problem is set up so that starting
  units are converted into ending units.
• Simplify the math, cancel out zeros, simplify.
• Solve the math
• Rewrite the answer including units.

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Math Practice

• A large coal-fired power plant produces 48
  million kWh of electricity each day. Assume the
  following 10,000 BTUs are required to produce
  1kWh of electricity 1 pound of coal produces
  5,000 BTUs of heat each coal car can hold 120
  tons 1 ton is 2,000 lbs.
• How much heat in BTUs is needed to operate the
  coal plant for one day?
• How many coal cars will be needed to operate the
  power plant for a day?

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Today Upcoming

• Register for the APES exam
• Form a study group
• Buy a review book
• Energy Test is now 2/24 2/25 Math Chapter
  reading guides due then.
• Notes summary videos posted on web will help
  you prepare!
• Today Oil, Tar Sands, Natural Gas

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OIL

• Oil is a fossil fuel produced by decomposition of
  deeply buried organic material such as plants
  under high temperatures and pressures for
  millions of years.
• Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid
  containing hydrocarbons that once extracted via
  drilling are separated into products through
  fractional distillation (utilization of various
  boiling points to produce gasoline, aviation
  fuel, heating oil, diesel oil, asphalt).

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Oil Extraction Processing

• Crude oil and natural gas are trapped in porous
  rock beneath dome shaped structures (anticlines).
  
• To extract oil, a well is drilled into the
  deposit. Then oil, drawn by gravity out of the
  rock pores and into the bottom of the well, is
  pumped to the surface.
• Oil is then transported to a refinery by
  pipeline, truck, or oil tanker.

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Oil Recovery

• Primary Oil Recovery drilling a well and
  pumping oil that flows by gravity into the bottom
  of a well.
• Secondary Oil Recovery After primary, water is
  injected into nearby wells to force some of the
  remaining oil to the surface.
• Tertiary Oil Recovery (Enhanced Oil Recovery)
  after primary and secondary, CO2 gas is used to
  force some of the heavy oil into the well cavity
  so it can be pumped to the surface.

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OIL DRILLING
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Distillation

• Then it is distilled and separated into
  components with different boiling points.
• Some of the products called petrochemicals are
  used as raw materials in industrial organic
  chemicals, pesticides (like DDT), plastics,
  synthetic fibers, paints, and medicines.

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Fractional Distillation
Aviation Fuel
Heating Oil
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Who Has the Worlds Oil?

• The oil industry is the worlds largest business!
• Eleven OPEC Countries (Organization of Petroleum
  Exporting Countries) have 78 of the worlds
  crude oil reserves.
• Saudi Arabia has the largest (25)
• Canada (oil sand) (15)
• Iraq (11)
• United Arab Emirates (9.3)
• Kuwait (9.2)

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OPEC Nations
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How Long Will World Oil Supplies Last?

• Oil supplies MOST of the commercial energy in the
  world today.
• Global reserves 80 depleted in next 50 years.
  (42-90)
• US reserves 80 depleted in 10-48 years.
• At current rate
• Saudia Arabia could supply the entire worlds oil
  needs for 10 years.
• Reserves under Alaskas North Slope (Prudoe Bay)
  would meet current world demand for 6 months and
  US demand for 3 years.
• Estimated reserves in ANWR (Arctic National
  Wildlife Refuge) would meet current oil demand
  for only 1-5 months and US oil demand for 7-24
  months.

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Advantages of Oil

• Relatively inexpensive
• Easily transported via pipelines, trucks and
  tankers.
• High net energy yield
• Ample supply for immediate future
• Large US government subsidies in place.

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Subsidies

• How much money does the U.S. government provide
  to support the oil, gas and coal industries?
• As of July 2014, Oil Change International
  estimates U.S. fossil fuel subsidies at 37.5
  billion annually, including 21 billion in
  production and exploration subsidies.
• Internationally, governments provide at least
  775 billion to perhaps 1 trillion annually in
  subsidies.
• Keeps cost to consumers low, profits good, but
  does not account for costs associated with
  climate change human health.

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Disadvantages of Oil

• World oil reserves limited and declining.
• Produces pollution SO2, NO, NO2, CO2
• Drilling causes land disturbances which
  accelerates erosion.
• Oil spills (Exxon Valdez)
• Extraction releases contaminated wastewater and
  brine
• Disruption to wildlife habitats (ANWR)
• Artificially low prices encourage waste

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Prince William Sound
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
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ANWR

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Oil Sand

• Oil sand (tar sand) is a mixture of clay, sand,
  water and combustible bitumen (heavy oil with
  high sulfur content).
• Dug up by giant shovels, mixed with hot water and
  steam to extract the bitumen, which is heated and
  converted to a low-sulfur synthetic crude oil
  suitable for refining.
• Exists mostly in Canada (70 known reserves)
• Severe environmental degradation to air, water
  and land.

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Shale Oil

• Oil shales contain kerogen which can be extracted
  from crushed oil shales by heating them to yield
  a distillate called shale oil.
• Before it can be sent by pipeline to a refinery,
  it must be heated to increase its flow rate and
  processed to remove sulfur, nitrogen, and
  impurities.
• Net energy loss

Tar Sand - bitumen
Shale Oil - kerogen
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Natural Gas

• Natural gas is a mixture of 50-90 by volume of
  methane (CH4) and smaller amounts of ethane
  (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
• Conventional Natural Gas lies above most
  reservoirs of crude oil, but can only be used if
  a pipeline is put in place. Many times it is
  considered waste and is burned off adding CO2 to
  the atmosphere.
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) propane and butane
  gases liquefied when a natural gas field is
  tapped. Stored in pressurized tanks for use in
  rural areas.
• At very low temperatures LPG can be converted to
  Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) can be shipped in
  refrigerated tankers.

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Natural Gas Information

• Russia has 31 of worlds gas reserves, followed
  by Iran (15), and Qatar (9).
• Known reserves and undiscovered potential
  reserves of conventional natural gas should last
  the world for 62-125 years.
• With an increase in consumption of 2 per year,
  that could be reduced to 80 years!

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Advantages of Natural Gas

• Relatively inexpensive and pipelines in place in
  USA
• High net energy yield
• Produces less air pollution than other fossil
  fuels
• Extraction not as harmful as for oil and coal
• Easily processed and inexpensive to transport
• Can be used in fuel cells (a cell producing an
  electric current directly from a chemical
  reaction)
• Viewed as transitionary fossil fuel as world
  switches to alternative energy resources.

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Disadvantages of Natural Gas

• H2S (hydrogen sulfide) and SO2 released during
  processing, and CO2 and hydrocarbons during
  burning.
• LNG processing is expensive , dangerous, and
  results in lower net energy yield
• Leakage of pipes and tanks (CH4) contributes to
  global warming
• Extraction releases contaminated wastewater and
  brine
• Land subsidence (sinking of earths surface)
• Disruption to wildlife habitats (ANWR)

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Another Note on Global Warming

• Subsidies for oil and gas encourage high use of
  the energy resource and discourages conservation.
• Oil and gas are considerably cheap (10-12 cents
  per kwh)
• The Earth Summit, June 1992 UN Conference on the
  Environment Issue 1 - Climate Change Treaty
  A treaty to curb CO2 emissions, thereby reducing
  global warming. More than 165 nations signed the
  treaty and is now considered legally binding.
  President Clinton signed in 1993. Congress failed
  to approve it and it has not been ratified since
  in the US.
• Kyoto Bush refused to sign Bad for Economics
• .

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Tar Sands a possible FRQ

• Link
• ?

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Rest of class

• Work on your math problems, grids, or chapter
  reading guides.
• I have review books you can borrow during class
  time.