Title: The Romantic Period
1The Romantic Period
- Introduction
- Romantic Poets
- William Wordsworth
- S.T. Coleridge
- G.G. Byron
- P.B. Shelley
- John Keats
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3Introduction
- Romanticism as a literary movement came into
being in England early in the latter half of the
18th century. - English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the
publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges The
Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter
Scotts death. - The eighteenth century was distinctively an age
of prose. The Age of Wordsworthlike the Age of
Shakespearewas decidedly an age of poetry.
4- English Romanticism is a revolt of the English
imagination against the neoclassical reason. The
French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English
Industrial Revolution exert great influence on
English Romanticism. The romanticists express a
negative attitude towards the existing social or
political conditions. - They place the individual at the center of art,
as can be seen from Lord Byrons Byronic Hero.
The key words of English Romanticism are nature
and imagination. English Romantic tend to be
nationalistic, defending the greatest English
writers. They argue that poetry should be free
from all rules.
5Lake poets
- William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert
Southey were known as Lake Poets because they
lived and knew one another in the last few years
of the 18th century in the district of the great
lakes in Northwestern England. They were friends
and traversed the same path in politics and
poetry. - The former two published The Lyrical Ballads
together in 1798, while all three of them had
radical inclinations in their youth but later
turned conservative and received pensions and
poet laureateships from the aristocracy.
6- Other greatest Romantic poets are George Gordon
Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. - Karl Marx likes Byron and Shelley very much. MU
Dan(??/???),a renowned Chinese poet and
translator , did splendid work to popularize
Byron and Shelley in China. - Years ago, Wordsworth and Coleridge were labeled
negative/passive romantic poets while Byron and
Shelley were hailed as positive/active
(revolutionary) Romantic poets. Wordsworth and
Coleridges literary achievements were
underestimated for a long time.
7Passive and Active / Revolutionary Romantic Poets
- Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to
the development of capitalism. They split into
two groups. - Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of
those classes which had been ruined by the
bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets,
represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
- Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring
classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic
poets, represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.
8English fiction gropes/explores its way amidst
the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its
popularity in the hands of Jane Austen Walter
Scott. Walter Scott is noted for his historical
novel based on Scottish history and legends. He
exerted great influence on European literature of
his time. Jane Austen is the first and foremost
English women novelist. Following the
neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the
description of uneventful /common everyday life.
9Characteristics of Romanticism
- Romanticism is a literary trend prevailing in
England during the period 1798-1832. Coming along
with the French Revolution and the Industrial
Revolution, the English Romanticism, compared
with the neo-classicism which emphasized what men
have in common, focuses mainly on the special
qualities of individuals mind. So its features
run in contrary with the Neoclassism - Firstly, the Romanticism tended to probe into the
inner world of the human spirit rather narrate
daily happenings of the human world - Secondly, they liked to employ rural scenery,
legendary and mythological resources and stories
of ancient times to create their artistic
reality, and favored figures from the country and
Orientals which they took to be part of the
innocent and pure Nature they sought for
10- Thirdly, the Romantic Age was one of poetry,
producing a number of great poets such as
Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Byron and Keats.
Thus, imagination was emphasized as the greatest
resource of literary creation, and freedom from
all rules became the rule of poetical writing. - Finally, the focus of the everyday life of human
beings in the Age brought about the flourishing
of familiar essay, e.g. those written by Charles
Lamb, and the fiction about family life such as
in the novels written by Jane Austen and its
romantic longings led to the popularity of Gothic
fiction with violence, horror and the
supernatural, and the historical novels of Sir
Walter Scott.
11William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings.
---William Wordsworth
12Biographical Introduction
- William Wordsworth, the representative poet of
the early romanticism, was born on 7 April 1770
in a lawyers family in Cockermouth. - His father John was estate agent to Sir James
,who owned the house. - The garden at the back, with the River Derwent
flowing past, was a place of magic and adventure
for the young William. - William has an elder brother Richard, a younger
sister Dorothy and two younger brothers John and
Christopher.
13Cockermouth on the River Derwent, in the heart of
the Lake District
14- His childhood was spent largely in Cockermouth
and Penrith, his mother's hometown. William and
Dorothy and his future wife Mary attended infant
school in Penrith between 1776 and 1777. - William's mother died when he was 8. At the age
of 13 his father died, The orphan was taken in
charge by relatives who sent him to school at
Hawkshead in the beautiful lake district in
Northwestern England .Here, the unroofed school
of nature attracted him more than the classroom,
and he learned more eagerly from flowers and
hills and stars than from his books. So the
child early cherished a love of nature, which he
later expressed in his poetry.
15The Old Grammar School in Hawkshead
16- He then went to St John's College of Cambridge,
where he was not a notable student, but
inevitably matured in thought and sophistication. - From 1779 until 1787 William attended the Grammar
school in Hawkshead with his brothers. At
Hawkshead William thrived - receiving
encouragement from the headmaster to read and
write poetry. During these years he made many
visits to the countryside, gaining inspiration as
the powers of nature exercised their influence.
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19- In 1795 he received a bequest and stayed in a
cottage in Dorset, where they met Coleridge and
Southey. In the years ahead a close relationship
developed between William, Dorothy and Coleridge.
Then William and Coleridge undertook a tour to
the Lake District, devoting their time to writing
poetry. By 1830,he was widely recognized for his
poetry talent. - He became a Tory and upheld the reactionary
policy of the British government. In 1843,he was
made Poet Laureate. - In 1850 William caught a cold on a country walk,
and he died on 23 April, 80 years after his
birth. He and Mary who died 9 years later have a
simple tombstone in the churchyard in Grasmere,
now one of the most visited literary shrines ??
in the world. William Wordsworth wrote some
70,000 lines of verse, 40,000 lines more than any
other poet.
20Wordsworth is buried with his family in Grasmere
?????churchyard.
21Wordsworth House and the Wordsworth Memorial
22Major Works
- An Evening Walk (1793)
- Lyrical Ballads (1798)
- Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
?????(1798) - Lucy Poems ????(1799)
- The Solitary Reaper ??????(1805)
- Ode Intimations of Immortality???(1807)
- Ode to Duty (1807)
- The Excursion (1814)
- The Prelude,???????(1850)??
23Wordsworths greatest contribution to English
literature is his poems and his Preface to The
Lyrical Ballads. Though The Lyrical Ballads is
known as the collaborated work of Wordsworth and
Coleridge, all the poems but one (The Rime of The
Ancient Mariner) are written by Wordsworth. Most
of his most quoted poem are taken from this
collection.
24Preface to Lyrical Ballads
- Wordsworths Preface (1800) to Lyrical Ballads is
the manifesto of English Romanticism. It is one
of the revolutionary works of criticism, helping
usher in the Romantic Age in literature (Dutton,
198450). - He is primarily concerned to justify the kinds of
his poems which he had contributed to Lyrical
Ballads.
25What Wordsworth says in the Preface to the
Lyrical Ballads
- All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feeling. - Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected
in tranquility. - The function of poetry lies in its power to give
an unexpected splendour to incidents and
situations from common life. - Wordsworth endeavoured to bring (his) language
near to the real language of men, by fitting to
metrical arrangement a selection of the real
language of men.
26She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
by William Wordsworth
Listen
27- Wordsworth wrote a number of poems about someone
called Lucy. It seems likely that Lucy is an
entirely imaginative creation and is not based on
a real person, although Coleridge came to the
conclusion that she may be linked with Dorothy.
He wrote, 'Most probably in some gloomier moment
he fancied the moment in which his sister might
die.' - The story-line is strikingly simple. Lucy lives
an isolated life, her beauty largely unnoticed.
She dies. Her death is seen through the eyes of
the one person who appears to have loved her,
although who he is remains a mystery. Much of
Wordsworth's poetry explores what he calls the
'essential passions of the heart' it is
concerned with love and emotion, but not wit
physical or sexual passion. His description of
Lucy, for instance, implies a fragility, purity
and innocence - it is even unclear whether, as a
'Maid', she is an adult. - Lucy has more in common with nature than with
human life. She is represented in terms of
flowers - 'roses and 'violet' . Like a wild
flower, which blooms where no-one can see it, her
life is obscure and fleeting.Typical of many
characters in Wordsworth's poetry, Lucy has a
solitary existence, with little human contact.
The image of the star emphasizes this, as nothing
can be more solitary than one star in the whole
sky.
28First version
- My hope was one, from cities far,Nursed on a
lonesome hearthHer lips were red as roses
are,Her hair a woodbine wreath.She lived among
the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove,
A maid whom there were none to praiseAnd very
few to loveA violet by a mossy stone Half
hidden from the eye! Fair as a star, when only
one Is shining in the sky!And she was graceful
as the brromThat flowers by Carron's sideBut
slow distemper checked her bloomAnd on the Heath
she died.Long time before her head lay low
Dead to the world was she But now she'sin her
grave, and Oh!The difference to me!
29Second version
- She dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the
springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to
praise And very few to love.A Violet by a
mossy stone Half-hidden from the Eye! ---Fair,
as a star, when only one Is shining in the
sky!She lived unknown, and few could know When
Lucy ceased to be But she is in her Grave, and,
Oh! The difference to me!
30She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
never be stepped on
live
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
??????????,
? water
Beside the springs of Dove,
???????,
31 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A Maid whom there were none to praise
?????????,
And very few to love
???????????
32She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
A violet by a mossy stone
???????,
Half hidden from the eye!
???????!
33- A violet can be a symbol of innocence, modesty or
mourning. It has stood for modesty and humility
in that it grows so close to the ground and its
blooms can be found under the leaves. Like those
"blooms" of Lucy, the blooms of the violet cannot
be seen easily. One must look closely to discover
the true beauty. - In Greek mythology, Zeus fell in love with a
nymph named Io, who spent her days in fields of
violets. Zeus turned her into a white heifer to
protect her from his wife but left her to roam
around in violets. Greeks revered the violets.
34- In the Middle Ages, it became a symbol of
faithfulness and crowns of violet were made for
the winners of courtly poetry contests. And still
it is said that violets were white until Mary
watched her only son suffer on the cross, then
they turned purple in mourning. The poem is also
one of mourning and demonstration of Lucy's
faithfulness and modesty. A violet is sometimes
used in Chinese lore to signify harmony of the
universe. That could certainly be Wordsworth's
intent here as well.
35 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
Fair as a star, when only one
?????????
Is shining in the sky.
???????????
36 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
She lived unknown, and few could know
???,????,
When Lucy ceased to be
died
???,?????
37 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
????????,
The difference to me!
??,????!
(????)
38??????????---?????? ????
??????????, ??????????, ?????????, ??????????
?????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????
???????????, ?????????? ????????, ???????????
39abab, cdcd, efef
The rhyme scheme is ________________.
- There are 2 images in the poem. One is the
__________________, the other ____________________
_____. - Lucys beauty is ________ to the world.
- Lucys personality is cherished by ____.
- A. many B. few
half-hidden violet
one star shining in the sky
unknown
40Analysis of the poem
- This poem is about one girl with two different
sides. The one of the violet is the side that the
outside world see her as if they did not always
turn their heads. The other is a star which seems
to exist for the writer to give the girl out of
place or unexpected complements such as "fair"
and "shinning." On lines seven and eight it is
indicated that she is the only one in in her
lover's eyes with no rivals. - The two symbols seem to balance themselves out.
The violet which gives a very modest, shy feeling
through the use of words such as "half hidden"
and "unknown." At the same time in her lover's
eyes she is the single star, dominating his
world, not haughtily as the sun but more sweet
and modest, like a star. At the end of the poem
it is discovered that the woman had passed away
but because the world never takes the time to
notice her, its life is not affected. There is a
significant shift right before the last line of
the poem. It is here that emotion is first
expressed by the writer. The long "oh" carries
all of the emotion of the poem, only at this
point the emotion is grief.
41Theme
- In these short stanzas, the poet tells of his
admiration and singular devotion to Lucy and his
utter despair over her death.
Rhetoric Devices
Simile Metaphor Personification Euphemism Assonanc
e Contrast Repetition
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43- ?????????(??1075?)??,?????????????,??????,????,??
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??,?????????????????
44Major Features of Wordsworths Poetry
- A constant theme of Wordsworth's poetry was the
growth of the human spirit through the natural
environment - He skillfully combined natural description with
expressions of inward states of mind. - His poems are characterized by sympathy with the
poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of
nature.
45- They have been much admired for their perfect
simplicity, vivid imagery, directness of
language, and unadorned beauty. His deliberate
simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of
experience produced a kind of pure and profound
poetry that no other poet has ever equaled.
"Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all
knowledge it is the impassioned expression which
is in the countenance???, ??? of all Science."
(from Lyrical Ballads, 2nd ed., 1800) - Because of his wonderful description of nature,
he is often called the "Nature Poet".
46The art of Wordsworths poetry
- His theory, as stated in his Preface to the
second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves
as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the
direct experience of the senses as the source of
poetic truth as poetry comes from the emotion
recollected in tranquility. The significance of
the Preface also presents itself in the poets
advocation of the writing of the common people in
ordinary language - His practice is what his theory implies, for the
joys and sorrows of the common people are his
themes, in many of his poems such as the Lucy
poems
47- Natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts
also as one of his favorite themes and the
sympathy out of the poets nature towards the
poor in rural places becomes part of his concern - as one of the leading Romantic poets, the inner
workings of individuals mind remains what
Wordsworth likes to reveal in his depiction of
natural scenery, and the spiritual growth of his
own makes his masterpiece The Prelude. - the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in
diction and description is immersed in a profound
and sympathetic longing for a better world.
48Comments
- Wordsworth is the representative poet of English
romanticism. - Wordsworths poetry is distinguished by the
simplicity and purity of his language. - Wordsworths theory on versification has exerted
profound influence on later poets. (imaginative
recreation) - He is the leading figure of the English romantic
poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His
is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity
and one that inspires his audience to see the
world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. - The most important contribution he has made is
that he has not only started the modern poetry,
the poetry of the growing inner self, but also
changed the course of English poetry by using
ordinary speech of the language and by advocating
a return to nature.
49??????(17701850)
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?1805?????1850????????????????????????????????17
97?1807??10????????,?1843?????"????"??????????????
?????,?????????,????????????????????
50Homework I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1807)
- 1.What does the poem mainly write about?
- 2.This poem contains four six-lines stanzas. What
kind of meter is it applied in these stanzas? - 3.What is the rime scheme in each stanza?
51P. B. SHELLEY (1792-1822)
Poetry is the record of the best and happiest
moments of the happiest and best minds.
---Percy Bysshe Shelley
52Life story
- Shelley was born into an affluent family at
Sussex. He got a very good school education,
first at Eton and then at Oxford. - In 1811, while he was still a student at Oxford,
he wrote a pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism,
repudiating the existence of God.
53He was expelled from Oxford for his seditious
pamphlet. Then he eloped with Harriet Westbrook
to Edinburgh. When he returned to London, he
became a disciple of William Godwin, a radical
social philosopher. He fell in love with Godwins
daughter, Mary. Harriets drowning enabled him to
marry Godwins daughter, but left him a bad
reputation as an immoralist. He left England and
went to the Continent.
54He made friends with Byron while they were in
Geneva, Switzerland. He wrote his best poems
during this period. On July 8, 1822, while he was
sailing in a small boat along the coast of Italy,
a tempest struck his boat and he was drowned. He
was buried in Rome. The inscription on his
tombstone reads Percy Bysshe Shelley, COR
CORDIUM. ( meaning heart of hearts)
55Upon his untimely death, one of his opponents
writes, Shelley, the writer of some infidel
poetry, has been drowned now he knows whether
there is a God or not. Engels thinks highly of
Shelley and Byron, He writes, Shelley, the
genius, the prophet, Shelley, and Byron, with his
glowing sensuality and his bitter satire upon our
existing society, find most of their readers in
the proletariat.
56Major Works
- Ode to the West Wind ???
- To a Skylark ???
- The Cloud ?
- Prometheus Unbound ?????????
- Queen Mab ????
- The Masque of Anarchy ?????????
- The Necessity of Atheism???????
- A Defense of Poetry??
57To a Skylark
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59Ode
- A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written
in a dignified formal style on some lofty or
serious subject. Odes are often written for a
special occasion, to honor a person or a season
or to commemorate an event. - Two famous odes are Percy Bysshe Shellys Ode to
the West Wind and John Keatss Ode on a Grecian
Urn.
60Ode To A Skylark
Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never
wert, That from Heaven, or near it, Pourest thy
full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated
art. - Higher still and higher From the earth
thou springest Like a cloud of fire The blue
deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar,
and soaring ever singest.
61???
- ???,?????!????????,?????????,????????,???????,
??????? ??,??????,????????,????????,???????,
???????,??????
62- In the golden lightning
- Of the sunken sun,
- O'er which clouds are bright'ning,
- Thou dost float and run
- Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun.
- The pale purple even
- Melts around thy flight
- Like a star of Heaven,
- In the broad daylight
- Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill
delight,
63- ???????,????????,???????,????????,????????????
????? ???????????????,???????,??????,???????
??????
64- Keen as are the arrows
- Of that silver sphere,
- Whose intense lamp narrows
- In the white dawn clear
- Until we hardly see- we feel that it is there. -
-
- All the earth and air
- With thy voice is loud,
- As, when night is bare,
- From one lonely cloud
- The moon rains out her beams, and Heaven is
overflowed.
65- ????????,????????,???????,??????,??????,??????
???? ???????,????????,????????,???????,?????
?,???????
66- What thou art we know not
- What is most like thee?
- From rainbow clouds there flow not
- Drops so bright to see
- As from thy presence showers a rain of melody.
-
- Like a Poet hidden
- In the light of thought
- Singing hymns unbidden,
- Till the world is wrought
- To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not
-
67- ????,????,?????????????????????????,??????????
??????? ?????,??????????,????????,??????????
??????????????
68- Like a high-born maiden
- In a palace-tower,
- Soothing her love-laden
- Soul in secret hour
- With music sweet as love, which overflows her
bower - Like a glow-worm golden
- In a dell of dew,
- Scattering unbeholden
- Its aereal hue
- Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from
the view!
69- ????????,????????,????????,??????????,????????
?,?????? ?????????,????????,???????,????????
, - ??????????????
70- Like a rose embowered
- In its own green leaves,
- By warm winds deflowered,
- Till the scent it gives
- Makes faint with too much sweet those
heavy-winged thieves -
- Sound of vernal showers
- On the twinkling grass,
- Rain-awakened flowers,
- All that ever was
- Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth
surpass
71- ???????????????,????????,????????????????????
???????,???????,???????,?????,??,?????,????
????
72- Teach us, Sprite or Bird,
- What sweet thoughts are thine
- I have never heard
- Praise of love or wine
- That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine. -
-
- Chorus Hymeneal,
- Or triumphal chant,
- Matched with thine would be all
- But an empty vaunt,
- A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden
want. - -
73- ??????,???????????????????????????????????????
????? ???????,???????,???????,????????,?????
?,????????
74- What objects are the fountains
- Of thy happy strain?
- What fields, or waves, or mountains?
- What shapes of sky or plain?
- What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of
pain? - With thy clear keen joyance
- Languor cannot be
- Shadow of annoyance
- Never came near thee
- Thou lovest- but ne'er knew love's sad satiety.
75- ?????????,????????????????????????????????????
??,????????? ?????????????????,??????????????
,??,??????????????
76- Waking or asleep, Thou of death must deem
Things more true and deep Than we mortals
dream, Or how could thy notes flow in such a
crystal stream? We look before and after, And
pine for what is not Our sincerest laughter
With some pain is fraught Our sweetest songs
are those that tell of saddest thought.
77- ???????,???????????????????????,????????,?????
?????? ??????,??????????,???????,????????,??
????????????????
78- Yet if we could scorn Hate, and pride, and fear
If we were things born Not to shed a tear, I
know not how thy joy we ever should come near.
Better than all measures Of delightful sound,
Better than all treasures That in books are
found, Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of
the ground!
79- ??,???????????????,??????????????,????,???????
??? ??????????????,??????????????,??????????
,???????
80- Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must
know, Such harmonious madness From my lips
would flow The world should listen then, as I am
listening now!
- ?????,??????????,????????????????,??????????
????? (?? ?)
81?????
- ??1820?,????????????????????????,???????????????,?
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???????,?????,?????,?????????,???????,??????????
???????,???????!
82Brief Comments
- Shelley grew up with revolutionary ideas under
the influence of Hume and Godwin. He held a life
long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority
and institutional religion. - Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical
poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his
hatred towards tyranny. - His poems abound with personification, metaphor
and other figures of speech. - Shelley is one of the most important dramatists
of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement
in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus
Unbound.
83John Keats(1795-1821)
84Keats life story
- Keats was born into a stable keepers family. He
got little school education. He was apprenticed
to a surgeon though his interest was in poetry. - With the aid of Shelley, Keats first collection
of poems was published in 1817. - He was severely criticized by leading literary
magazines such as Blackwoods Magazine and
Quarterly Review. - Keats contracted consumption (pneumonia) while he
was taking care of his brother. He died in 1821
in Rome, Italy. His grave in Rome bears the
epitaph Here lies one whose name is writ in
water. - Shelley and Byron wrote elegies for his premature
death.
85Major Works
- Long poems
- Endymion
- Isabella
- The Eve of St. Agnes
- Lamia
- Hyperion
- Odes and sonnets
- Ode to Autumn
- Ode to a Nightingale
- Ode on Melancholy
- Ode on a Grecian Urn
- Bright Star
- When I Have Fear
- The Grasshopper and The Cricket.
86Ode on a Grecian Urn
87Comments
- Keatss poetry is always sensuous, colorful and
rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of
his senses. - He draws diction, style and imagery from works of
Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton and Dante. With
vivid and rich images, he paints poetic pictures
full of wonderful color. - Keats produced a variety of works, including
epic, lyric and narrative poems. The mythic world
of the ancient Greece and the English poetry of
Renaissance period provide Keats with the most
imaginative resources. - Keats poems present us with an everlasting
poetic beauty. His motto is Beauty is truth,
truth beauty.
88 My Recommendation
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