Romantic Period

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Romantic Period

• 1820-1900

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19th Century LiteratureKnow one of these

• Keats, Ode to a Nightingale
• Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Dickens, Oliver Twist
• Poe, The Raven
• Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment
• Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

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19th Century Art Know one of these

• Delacroix
• Turner
• Monet
• Van Gogh
• Constable

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19th CenturyHistorical and Cultural Events Know
two of these

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Revolutions in France, Belgium, Poland (1830)
• Queen Victoria reigns in England
• (1837-1901) The Victorian Age
• Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto
• Darwin Origin of the Species
• American Civil War (1861-1865)
• Bell invents the telephone (1876)
• Spanish-American War (1898)

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Romanticism in Music
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Some Significant Composers

• Franz Schubert
• Robert Schumann
• Frederic Chopin
• Franz Liszt
• Felix Mendelssohn
• Hector Berlioz
• Antonin Dvorak
• Peter Tchaikovsky
• Johannes Brahms
• Giuseppi Verdi
• Giacomo Puccini
• Richard Wagner

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Romanticism in Music

• Rich variety of music
• Continued impact on todays concert repertoire
• Romantic music makes up most of todays concert
  programs
• Sort of the most popular of classical music

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Romanticism in Music

• Continued using forms of the classical period
• Romanticism used emotional intensity to the
  maximum
• Inherited from Mozart and especially Beethoven

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Romanticism in Music

• Romantic composers preferred the songlike melody
  which grew out of the classical style

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Romanticism in Music

• Greater range
• Tone color
• Dynamics
• Pitch
• Harmony is richer
• More colorful, unstable chords
• Closely linked with literature
• Many composers were also authors

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Romanticism in Music

• New forms developed
• Greater tension
• Less emphasis on balance and resolution

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Individuality of Style

• Mozart and Haydn tend to sound somewhat the same
• Romantic composers tended to develop very
  personal and unique styles
• Tended to reflect their personalities more than
  classical composers

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Expressive Aims and Subjects

• Explored wide range of feelings
• Flamboyance
• Intimacy
• Unpredictability
• Melancholy
• Rapture
• Longing
• Romantic love

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Nationalism

• Important political movement influenced 19th C.
  music
• Composers created music with a specific national
  identity
• Used folk music
• Dances
• Legends and history
• Contrasts with universal character of classical
  music

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Exoticism

• Fascination with foreign lands
• Asian styles
• Rhythms and instruments of distant lands
• Picturesque and mysterious

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Program Music

• Instrumental music associated with a
• Story
• Poem
• Idea
• Scene
• Story told in title or explanatory comments
  called a program

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Expressive Tone Color

• Tone color used for variety of mood and
  atmosphere
• More important than in previous periods
• Larger orchestra
• Classical orchestra 20-60 players
• Late Romantic orchestra up to 100
• More instruments more tone colors
• Larger concert halls and opera houses

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Tone color

• Added woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments
  for more color and more active role

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Colorful Harmony

• Romantic composers emphasized rich, colorful, and
  complex harmonies
• Created feelings of yearning, tension, and
  mystery
• More emphasis to harmonic instability

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FormsMiniature and Monumental

• Short piano pieces by Chopin, and short songs by
  Schubert which last only a few minutes
• Intended for intimate performance
• More pianos in homes
• Gigantic works by Berlioz and Wagner
• Huge number of performers
• Last for hours

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Miniature and Monumental

• Continued to write symphonies, sonatas, string
  quartets, concertos, operas, and choral works
• Longer individual movements
• Longer pieces
• 18th C. symphony 25 minutes
• 19th C. symphony 45 minutes

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Romantic Composers and Their Public

• Following Beethovens lead
• Romantic composers wrote to fulfill and inner
  need rather than for a commission
• Wrote long works with no prospects for
  performance
• Wagner wrote 2 ½ hour opera Das Rheingold
• Waited 15 years for a performance

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Aristocracy?

• French Revolutions and Napoleonic Wars
• Fewer rich principalities
• Could not afford orchestras and composers
• 19th C. composers wrote mainly for the growing
  middle-class
• Subscription concert series grew in number

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Music Conservatories

• Established in Europe in first half of century
• U.S. last half of century
• Trained musicians for growing audiences

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A piano in every middle-class home

• Demand for songs and solo piano pieces

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Making a living

• Most musicians had to do more than one thing to
  make ends meet
• Teach and perform
• Compose and teach
• Compose and write as music critic
• Conduct and compose
• Things havent changed all that much today