Greece and Rome

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Greece and Rome

• GPS Unit 1
• 2000 B. C. A.D. 700
• SSWH3

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I. Government in Greece

• Political Units
• Polis city-state of ancient Greece fundamental
  political unit
• Acropolis fortified hilltop where citizens
  gather and discuss city government
• Political Structures
• Monarchy rule by a single person
• Aristocracy govt ruled by a small group of
  families
• Oligarchy govt ruled by a few powerful people
• Tyrants leaders for the interest of ordinary
  people

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II. Athens and Sparta

• Athens
• Attica Peninsula
• Democracy rule by the people
• Wealthy boys only ones educated

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Athens and Sparta (contd)

• Sparta
• Southern Greece/Gulf of Corinth
• Helots
• Military state
• Boys and Girls trained

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Athens and Sparta

• Athens was larger
• Education for wealthy boys only- liberal arts
• Society was based on trade and open to outsiders
• Many of the Greek artistic and intellectual
  achievements came out of Athens
• Women were subordinate and kept out of public

• Sparta was small with a huge slave population
  called helots
• All boys and girls educated- women considered
  equals
• Military education
• Farming economy
• Closed society- very paranoid- did not like
  outsiders
• No wall around city

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Athens and Sparta (contd)

• Persian Wars
• Greece vs. Persia at Ionia coast of Anatolia
• 10,000 Greeks (Athenians) vs. 25,000 Persians
• Athenians arranged in Phalanx ea. Soldier stood
  side by side with spear and shield
• Athenians win
• Pheidippides runs from Marathon to Athens

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Second War Land and Sea Invasions by Xerxes

• To revenge his fathers shame, Xerxes in 480 BCE
  launched a massive land and sea invasion of
  Greece.(250,000 soldiers)
• Fought three major engagements- Thermopylae
  (Stand of the 300 Spartans), Salamis (naval
  battle near Athens), and Platae (Spartas
  revenge).
• Invasion failed and Xerxes lost most of his army.

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Legacy of Persian Wars

• Greece now considered a Mediterranean power.
  Athens and Sparta become the dominant city
  states.
• Athens enters a Golden Age of intellectual and
  artistic achievements.
• Jealously over Athenian dominance of Delian
  League led to 25 years of civil warfare in
  Greece. Athens vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars)
• Leaves Greece open to foreign invasion- Macedonia
  under King Philip invades and unites Greek
  city-states under one king.

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III. Greek Art

• Golden Age growth of intellectual and artistic
  learning
• Direct Democracy citizens rule directly (not
  through representatives)
• Parthenon
• Classical Art portrays ideal beauty serenity,
  gracefulness

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Greek Art (contd)

• Drama
• Tragedy serious drama with a tragic flaw
• Comedy humorous
• Homer greatest storyteller of Greece
• The Iliad
• The Odyssey
• Myths traditional stories about Greek gods

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IV. Philosophers

• Philosophers lovers of wisdom determined to
  seek truth wherever they were led

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Philosophers (contd)

• Socrates
• believed absolute standards did exist for truth
  and justice
• The unexamined life is not worth living
• Brought to trial for corrupting the youth of
  Athens
• Socratic Method
• Ideas were innate
• Mind continued to exist after death

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Philosophers (contd)

• Plato
• Student of Socrates
• The Republic
• Ideas innate

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Philosophers (contd)

• Aristotle
• Applied method of problem solving to psychology,
  physics, and biology
• (scientific method)
• Mind and body separate
• Ideas result of experience

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V. Alexander the Great

• Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states
• Philip II becomes king
• Killed at wedding
• Alexander becomes king (20 yrs old)
• Student of Aristotle
• Expands the empire Persia, Egypt (Alexandria),
  Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Arabia
• Dies of Malaria (32 yrs old)

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Alexander (contd)

• Alexander the Greats Legacy
• 3 different Greeks gain control of the Empire
• Antigonous of Macedonia
• Ptolemy seizes Egypt
• Seleucus took Old Persian Empire
• Adopts Persian customs
• Hellenistic culture emerges

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VI. The Olympic Games and Hellenistic Culture

• Ancient Olympics
• Honored Zeus
• In Olympia
• Chariot races, boxing, javelin,
• discus , etc.
• Statues of cheaters

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Olympics contd

• Modern Olympics
• In Athens
• 1896
• Many more
• sports

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Hellenistic Culture (contd)

• Hellenistic Culture
• Greek (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian,
  and Indian influences
• Scholars
• Provided most scientific knowledge
• Euclid mathematician (geometry)
• Archimedes pi, lever, screw, and pulley
• Art
• Colossus of Rhodes
• sculpture

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I. Origins of Rome

• Founded in 753 by Romulus and Remus (legend)
• Tiber River near Italian Peninsula midpoint of
  the Med. Sea
• Rolling hills
• Fertile soil
• 3 Groups inhabited the region (1000-500 BC)
• Latins
• Greeks (these 3 were 1st settlers)
• Etruscans

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Rome (cont)

• b/w 750 and 600 BC the Greeks est. colonies
  brought all of Italy into closer contact with the
  Greek civ.
• Etruscans strongly influenced Roman civ.
• Writing and architecture (esp. arch)

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II. Roman Government

• Republic citizens vote for leaders
• Patricians wealthy landowners
• Plebeians common farmers, artisans, and
  merchants (majority)
• Barred by law from holding imp. Govt. positions
• Eventually form tribunes protected the rights of
  the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician
  officials
• Created Twelve Tables written law code
  (protected from patrician officials
  interpretations)

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Roman Govt (contd)

• Parts of Roman Republic
• Consuls commanded army directed government
  (similar to President of U.S.)
• Senate legislative assembly
• Dictator ruled in time of crisis (6 months)
• Legions large military units

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III. Rome Spreads its Power

• Punic Wars
• Rome vs. Carthage (North Africa)
• 3 separate wars
• 1st (264- 241 BCE)
• Carthage captured part of Sicily Rome came to
  help out.
• Also for glory and plunder
• Fought mostly at sea
• for some years Carthage was the most successful,
  notedly under the leadership of Hamilcar, but
  with the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241,
  the Carthagians were beaten so painfully that
  they requested peace. This agreement involved
  leaving Sicily and paying a huge indemnity. Rome
  now controlled Sicily.

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• 2nd (218- 201 BCE)
• It was the Carthagians bitterness over both the
  agreement from the first war, and the Roman
  expansion following the next years (Corsica and
  Sardinia was taken from Carthage in 237), that
  brought it on.
• Hannibal Carthage general mastermind of war
• Won several early battles but no decisive ones
• The Romans used a tactic of delaying, and they
  had strong hold on the communications over both
  land and sea. This would eventually result in
  declining morals in Hannibals troops
• In 204 the Roman sunder the leadership of Scipio
  invaded Ifriqiya (today's Tunisia), and despite
  strong resistance, a peace was almost arranged in
  203, when Hannibal returned. Hannibal was beaten
  in Zama (near today's Maktar, Tunisia) in 202.
  Peace was signed in 201. All claims on Spain were
  given up, and the Punic fleet was reduced to ten
  ships.

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• 3rd (149- 146 BCE)
• The third war was entirely provoked by the
  Romans. After the second defeat, Carthage managed
  once again to return to much of its former glory,
  the economy prospered, and the fleet increased.
  But the memory of the former Punic wars was
  strong in Rome many hated the Carthaginians
  especially because there seemed to be nothing
  that could force them on their knees. Many Romans
  wanted to gain glory, and no enemy was more
  attractive than Carthage, even if the city state
  now longer aspired to become an empire.
• Masinissa deliberately provoked Carthage, and in
  149 Carthage attacked him. Rome came to aid for
  their ally, through declaring war on Carthage. At
  first a peace was agreed upon, but then Rome
  increased their demands, decreeing a total
  abandonment of the city. Facing these claims, the
  Carthaginians returned to fighting, and soon
  Carthage fell under what would become a 3 year
  long siege. When the Romans finally breached the
  walls, Scipio Aemilianus took the city by storm.
  One week of fighting inside the city followed,
  then the city was burned, and the locals were
  either executed or sold into slavery.

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IV. The Roman Empire

• Empire emerges after Punic Wars republic becomes
  unstable
• Economic Turmoil
• Rich live on big estates (with lots of slaves)
• Small farmers had difficulty competing
• Civil War Tribunes tried for reforms but made
  enemies with senators
• Generals start to gain power (recruiting soldiers
  turned farmerspromising them land) and take over
  by force

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Roman Empire (contd)

• Julius Caesar gains control
• 60 BCE Caesar joined with Crassus and
• Pompey ruled as a triumvirate (group of three)
• for 10 yrs.
• Elected consul (ruled for 1 yr)
• Excellent military leader
• Appointed himself governor of Gaul
  (France)becomes very popular
• 50 BCE he defies senate they ordered him to
  disband his legions and return home.
• 49 BCE Crossed Rubicon River conquers Greece,
  Asia, Spain, Egypt
• 46 BCE returned to Rome, had support of army and
  masses and was appointed Dictator
• 44 BCE appointed dictator for life

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The Roman Empire (contd)

• Governed as an absolute ruler
• Reforms Roman citizenship to people in the
  provinces expanded the senate built new public
  buildings that created new jobs for the poor
• Some senators feared losing their influence some
  considered him a tyrant
• Caesar is killed by senators
• March 15, 44 BCE

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The Roman Empire (contd)

• Beginning of the Empire
• More civil war Roman Republic destroyed
• Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus
• Ruled for 10 yrs
• Jealousy and violence
• Lepidus retires, Octavian and Mark Antony rivals
• 3. Octavian rules becomes Augustus Caesar
• Pax Romana (207 years)
• After Augustus death, empire remained stable

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V. Society and Culture

• Agriculture
• Most important industry
• 90 involved in farming
• Complex roads linked the empire
• Slaves and Captivity
• Used slaves more than any other civilization
• Conquered peoples brought back to Rome
• Worked both city and farm
• Some forced to be gladiators
• Occasional rebellions (none successful)

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Society and Culture (contd)

• Gods and Goddesses
• Early Romans worshiped powerful, divine spirits
• Government and religion linked private and
  public rituals expected worship of emperor was
  important as well
• Majority of people were poor
• Government supported people
• Gladiator games
• Colosseum one of greatest structure ever built
  held 50,000 people

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Society and Culture (contd)

• Roman Art
• Greco-Roman classical civilization
• Rome had conquered Greece and was influenced by
  their culture
• One of greatest legacies to the world
• Realism
• Augustus had great artistic achievement
• Bas-relief told stories
• Mosaics found in wealthy homes
• Pompeii was best example site of Vesuvius
  eruption which preserved many buildings and
  artworks

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Society and Culture (contd)

• Legacy
• Latin language official language of Roman
  Catholic Church into 20th century
• Aqueducts brought water to cities
• Architecture inspired public buildings
• Roman Roads made of stone, concrete, and sand.
  Lasted until Middle ages
• Laws most lasting and widespread
• Fair and equal to all people
• Influenced by philosophers
• Equal treatment under law
• Innocent until proven guilty

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VII. Fall of the Roman Empire

• Romes economy weakens
• Inflation
• Overworked soil
• Military in disarray
• Rome splits (empire no more)
• West remains Rome Latin speaking
• Huns responsible for German invasions in West
  (Attila)
• East Byzantine Empire Greek speaking
• Constantine secures, moves capitol
  (Constantinople)
• Flourishes preserves Greek and Roman culture

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VI. Christianity Spreads

• Jesus
• The Messiah
• Contained many ideas from Judaism
• Stressed importance of peoples love for God and
  each other
• Promised salvation for those who repented their
  sins
• Crucified for defying the Roman government
• Spread of Christianity
• Roads make is easy
• Paul

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Christianity Spreads

• Constantine
• Ends persecution (occurred b/c people didnt
  worship Roman godsthousands were killed, exiled,
  or imprisoned)
• Nicene Creed basic beliefs of church
• Christian Church
• Peter rock on which the church will be built
• First Popehead of the Christian Church
• Bishops next
• Priests
• Augustine influential writer/bishop helped
  define Church teachings