Modern History of al-Qaeda and Terrorism against

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Modern History of al-Qaeda and Terrorism against
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• 1979-2008

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What is al-Qaeda?

• Al Qaeda is a stateless (meaning without a
  country) terrorist organization.
• led and financed by Osama bin Laden, a radical
  Shia Muslim.

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When did al-Qaeda form?

• The beginnings of al-Qaeda go back to 1979 when
  the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

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Intro The War
Grace

• How did it start
• The soviet attacks Afghanistan on December 27,
  1979 after the death of afghans PM/minister of
  defense.
• Why did it start
• Before the war, afghan government had turned to
  the soviets in order to stabilize their economy.
  However, due to the soviets determination to
  spread communism.
• What was the issue
• A group called Guerrillas (mujahidin) a.k.a was
  formed in order to fight communism. They've
  received helps from USA, Saudi Arabia, and
  Pakistan

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Proxy War
The Soviet-Afghan war was a example of proxy war.
The two great powers were the Soviet Union and
the United States of America. The US played an
indirect (third party) part of the war effort
supporting the Afghan Mujahidin. By supplying
them with artillery and other weapons of
destructions. The US and the Soviet Union were
two rivalling powers who believed into two
different types of Power. Democracy Vs.
Communism. Therefore the reason the US got
involved in the war was to help Afghanistan fight
and win the battle between the Soviet Union.
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Former president Jimmy Carter believed the
Soviets were creating a huge threat to the peace
achieved at the end of Second World War because
it was the battle of gaining a lot of fossil
fuel. Jimmy Carter also places an embargo (a
ban) US on shipment of commodities, like grains
and high technology to the Soviet Union. Also
Jimmy Carter sees this as a threat to the Persian
Gulf region of invasion. With other country
giving financial help to General Zia, the Afghan
ruler who took the financial aids to build their
army well trained and well funded. When there
was a President in power for the United State in
1981, Ronald Reagan give even more aids to the
Afghan. As of this United States, Pakistan Iran,
China, Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom created or
forum as the Afghan Mujahideen.
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Beliefs how the problem escalated

• The Afghanistan government didnt seem to
  be prepared for doing what was necessary for the
  benefit of the country instead the Soviets
  invaded and took control of the situation after
  getting rid of Amin.
• The Afghan resistance movement during the
  mid 1980s was assisted by the U.S., U.K., China,
  Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others, that
  contributed to the Moscows high military costs
  and stressed international relations. In result,
  Afghan guerrillas were armed, funded, and trained
  mostly by the U.S. and Pakistan. Plus, the
  donation of American-created FIM-92 Stinger
  anti-aircraft missile systems increased the
  losses of the Soviet Air Force.

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• 1979 was during the Cold War, a time when the USA
  was a rival to the Soviet Union. The USA wanted
  to help Afghans fight the Soviets.
• The CIA sent stinger missiles to Afghans to shoot
  down Soviet helicopters.

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Other trees other things influencing the problem

• Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and
  Special Service Group (SSG) were actively
  involved in the conflict, and in cooperation with
  the CIA and the U.S. Army Special Forces all
  supported the armed rebellion against the Soviet
  threats.
• After the Soviet invasion, Pakistans military
  ruler General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq accepted
  financial aid from the Western powers to help the
  Muhajideen rebellion. The United States, the
  United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia became major
  financial contributors to General Zia who was the
  ruler of a neighbour country and helped by
  ensuring the Afghan resistance was well-trained
  and well-funded.
• In the 19780s, Pakistan received aid from the
  U.S. and took in millions of Afghan (mostly
  Pashtun) refugees fleeing the Soviet occupation.

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The Fishbone
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4. 1988 Yhe birth of al-Qaeda

• August 11, 1988, bin laden stated in his meeting
  that the purpose of the meeting was to, the
  establishment of a new military group,

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Bin Laden in Afghanistan

• Son of a wealthy Saudi Arabian family, Osama bin
  Laden made lots of like-minded friends.
• He learned that scantily-armed Muslims could
  defeat a powerful Christian army
• The Soviet army left in 1988.

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Bin Laden moves to Sudan

• Bin Laden and his friends, feeling powerful,
  wanted to set up a base for future jihads. A
  jihad is a Muslim word for holy war, usually
  against Christians. He stays in Sudan about 5
  years. Note Most Muslims dont feel that jihads
  are about car bombs and plane hijackings.

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• In 1983, during the presidency of Ronald Regan, a
  terrorist group bombed a Marine barracks in
  Lebanon. Reagan did not retaliate. 283 killed.

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Desert Storm (Gulf War I)

• In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded the
  tiny, oil-rich country of Kuwait. Kuwait owed
  Iraq money, so Hussein wanted to secure Kuwaiti
  oil fields.

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Operation Desert Storm

• The United States imports oil from Kuwait and
  Saudi Arabia. If Saddam Hussein wanted to, he
  could take his army into Saudi Arabia and seize
  their oil fields too.

Iraqi tanks
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US and Saudi coalition

• The United States asked the Saudis for permission
  to establish military bases in their country.
  The Saudis have a tough choice to make. Do they
  allow a Christian army into the holiest country
  of Islam? Can the Saudis themselves stop Saddam
  Hussein?

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Saudis choice

• Osama bin Laden was back home from Afghanistan.
  He offered the Saudis the use of his soldiers to
  fight the Iraqi army because once America
  establishes a base, they wont leave. Christian
  armies have no place in the land of Islam.

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Saudis chose the USA and snubbed bin Laden.

• President George H.W. Bush liberates Kuwait and
  pushes the Iraqi army back into Iraq.

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Bin Laden

• Osama bin Laden overtly criticizes the Saudi
  government. Saudi Arabia banishes him his
  family disowns him (officially).
• Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia for Sudan to
  further build al Qaeda.

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USA in Somalia

• Dec. 4, 1992, George H.W. Bush sends 28,000
  American troops to Somalia.
• Bush wanted to help the Somali people since all
  attempts to send food to them were intercepted by
  war lords.

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Black Hawk Down!

• In 1993, 18 Americans died when their Black Hawk
  helicopter was shot down over Mogadishu, Somalia.

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al Qaeda?

• We think al Qaeda operatives taught the Somalians
  how to shoot down helicopters just like they did
  in Afghanistan against the Soviets.

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World Trade Center bombing

• 9-11 was not the first terrorist attack on the
  WTC. In 1993, a man rented a Ryder truck and
  detonated a large bomb in one of the towers
  hoping to knock it over onto the other tower.

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Ramzi Yousef

• He was a planner of the WTC bombing. He was a
  member/leader of al Qaeda.
• Yousef stated, "Yes, I am a terrorist, and proud
  of it as long as it is against the U.S.
  government."
• Speaks 7 languages and has college degrees in
  engineering and chemistry.
• Currently serving a life sentence.

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1993 WTC bombing
It killed 6 people and injured over 1000.
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1996 car bombing of Khobar Towers

• The Khobar Towers provided housing for American
  military stationed in Saudi Arabia. 19 Americans
  were killed and hundreds injured. Look familiar?

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Fatwa

• In August of 1998, Osama bin Laden and 4 of his
  close associates sign and distribute a statement
  declaring it is the individual duty for every
  Muslim who can do it to kill Americans.

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Kenyan embassy bombings

• Two American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were
  bombed simultaneously in 1998. 220 people were
  killed.

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Clinton responds.

• President Clinton, risking Wag the Dog
  criticism during the Lewinsky scandal, decided to
  attack al Qaeda in response.

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US attacks al Qaeda training camps in Sudan and
Afghanistan with Tomahawk missiles. Camps were
destroyed. Osama lives.
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USS Cole attack Oct. 2000

• In Yemen, Al Qaeda operatives sent a suicide
  bomber aboard a small ship near the USS Cole and
  detonated its bomb, blowing a large hole in the
  US Navy ship. 17 sailors killed.

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Where is Sudan and Yemen?
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September 11, 2001

• Four airplanes were hijacked by al Qaeda
  terrorists.
• Two crashed into the 2 World Trade Center towers.
• One crashed into the Pentagon, the military
  building of the US armed forces.
• One crashed into a field in Pennsylvania, likely
  because passengers forced the plane down.

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• 2819 people were killed
• 343 firefighters and paramedics were killed

Khalid Sheik Muhhamad was the central Planner of
the 9/11. Most terrorists (at right) were from
Saudi Arabia.
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Firemen going up before towers collapsed.
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Shoes people left behind to run faster.
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Pentagon

• A plane crashed into the Pentagon killing
  hundreds.
• It showed Americans that terrorism doesnt just
  happen in New York and our most important
  buildings are vulnerable.

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Pentagon after attack
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Flight 93 crashed in Pennsylvania
Its target was possibly the White House or
Capitol building. We think the passengers
forced the plane down.
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Taliban

• Al Qaeda and the Taliban government of
  Afghanistan were virtually one and the same.
• President George W. Bush sent a small force into
  Afghanistan to eliminate the government and
  destroy al Qaeda.
• This war is still going on.
• Many criticize President Bush for taking troops
  out of Afghanistan to fight in Iraq.

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Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan
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Where is Afghanistan?
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Tora Bora

• Famous battle in Afghanistan where al Qaeda
  allegedly saved Osama bin Ladens life and snuck
  him out of the area.

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Tora Bora
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Today in Afghanistan

• In 08, more US troops die in Afghanistan than in
  Iraq. US troops are still fighting Taliban and
  Al Qaeda troops near the Pakistani border.
• In 04 Afghanistan had its first election. The
  people voted for Hamid Karzai
• Despite terrorist attacks, daily
• life is better in Afghanistan.

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Where was Osama bin Laden ?

• Well, where do you think he was?

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Unfortunately

• Bin Laden was very smart. He was probably hiding
  inside the lawless region of Pakistan, near the
  Afghan border.
• Pakistan is a powerful Muslim country who has
  cooperated with the USA for years. They have
  nuclear weapons.
• While the Pakistani government likes the USA, its
  citizens dont.

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Pakistan cont. . .

• Pakistani government goes after Osama bin Laden
  and al Qaeda too strongly, the Muslim people
  could overthrow the government and be the first
  al Qaeda-dominated nuclear power. This was what
  bin Laden wanted!

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Review Quiz

• Are you ready?

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Review Quiz

• 1. Name 3 Al Qaeda leaders.
• 2. The Soviet Union invaded what country in 1979
  where al Qaeda formed?
• 3. In the first Gulf War, what was bin Ladens
  objection regarding American troops in Saudi
  Arabia?
• 4.Was Osama bin Laden friends with Saddam Hussein
  of Iraq?
• 5. After the first Gulf War, what did Iraq try to
  do to upset the USA?
• 6. How was the WTC attacked in 1993?
• 7. What American embassies were bombed in 1998?
• 8. What Navy ship was bombed in 2000?
• 9. How many planes were hijacked on 9/11/2001?
• 10. Where could Osama bin Laden possibly be
  hiding?