Chapter 3: Intelligence, Terrorism and Homeland Security

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Chapter 3 Intelligence, Terrorismand Homeland
Security
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What Is Terrorism?

• The FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of
  force or violence against persons or property to
  intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
  population, or any segment thereof, in
  furtherance of political or social objectives

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Terrorism Is Situationally Defined

• International Terrorism
• Transnational Terrorism
• Domestic Terrorism
• State Terrorism
• Terrorism vs. War
• Terrorism plays to emotion not intellect!

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The Terrorist Threat

• Strikes at the American way of life, at our very
  heart.
  
• Attacks symbols of freedom
• Changes security and safety to insecurity and
  fear
  
• Breaks down the fabric and
• social bonds of society

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The Terrorist Threat (continued)

• Terrorists attack in many ways
• Bombings/arson
• Murders
• Kidnappings
• Assassinations
• Sky-jackings
• Intimidation

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The Terrorist Threat (continued)

• Terrorists also commit other crimes
• Robbery/burglary
• Frauds/scams
• Car thefts
• Identity theft
• Weapons violations
• Drug trafficking and prostitution

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Ideologies of Terrorism

• Left-wing ideologies
• Right-wing ideologies
• Special-interest/single-issue ideologies
• International ideologies
• Religious fundamentalism

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Domestic Terrorism within the U.S.

• Left-wing terrorism
• Right-wing terrorism(antigovernment and hate)
• Single-issue terrorism

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Left-Wing TerrorismPro-Socialist/Anti-Capitalist

• Pro-socialist
• Anti-capitalist
• Anti-war
• Anarchists

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Left-Wing TerrorismAnarchists

• Anarchy means without ruler
• Active in the U.S. in the early 1960s and 1970s
• After a dormant period, active again in the
  1990s
  
• Involved in massive protest marches in U.S. and
  other industrialized countries
  
• Black Blocs foster violence during protests
• Have made inroads into animal and environmental
  movements

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Right-Wing TerrorismAntigovernment

• Posse Comitatus
• Militias
• Common law courts
• Sovereign citizens

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Anti-Government Ideology

• Christian Patriot A generic term used to
  describe various extreme right organizations and
  individuals. Used interchangeably with
  Patriot, Constitutionalist, and Freeman.
  Christian Patriots believe in a variety of
  anti-Semitic conspiracy theories a literal and
  selective interpretation of the Bible and
  Constitution and racist ideas about
  citizenship.
• Leaderless Resistance Emphasizes the formation
  of small, independent, paramilitary cell groups,
  not formally connected to any leadership. These
  independent cells choose their own missions,
  participating in a larger movement by reading
  literature, Internet communications, phone
  messages, etc.

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Right-Wing TerrorismReligious-Oriented

• Christian Identity
• Phineas Priesthood
• Odinism
• World Church of the Creator

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Hate Crime

• Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose
  motivation derives primarly from hatred directed
  at a perceived characteristic of the victim (e.g.
  the victims RACE, RELIGION, ETHNICITY, GENDER,
  or SEXUAL ORIENTATION)

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Religious Hate Ideology

• A racist North American theological movement.
• Adherents of Christian Identity believe that
  white, Northern Europeans are the true
  Israelites, descended from the Lost Tribes of
  Israel
• That Jews are impostors and servants of Satan
  and
  
• That people of color are an inferior sub-species
  of humans-- Mud People!
  

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Right-Wing TerrorismRacist/Hate

• Neo-Nazis
• Skinheads
• Ku Klux Klan
• Aryan groups

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Racist-Hate Ideology

• KKK Five major movements in U.S. history.
  First after the Civil War to repair and restore
  the South second in the 1920s aimed at limiting
  Jewish and Catholic immigration from Europe
  third in the 1960s to stop the Civil Rights
  movement fourth in the 1970s to support rural
  farmers and fifth in the late 1980s merging
  with other groups (neo-Nazis) to form the
  Populist Party.

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Merging Ideologies of the Right

• Jews are literally the Children of the Devil
  and people of color are Pre-Adamic. That is,
  they are inferior, false starts before God made
  a perfect, white Adam and Eve. People of color
  are referred to as Mud People. The U.S.
  Government is slowly being taken over by
  foreigners and Jews (The New World Order).
• Perverted interpretation of the Bible which
  foretells Armageddon as a race war between whites
  and black fought in the United States.
  
• The Holocaust is primarily fictional and without
  basis, the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution
  guarantees citizens the right to arm themselves
  and form militias to oppose government tyranny
  (the New World Order) the 13th and 14th
  Amendments of the Constitution (which officially
  ended slavery and guarantees equal protection
  under the law) should be repealed that the
  Federal Reserve Bank is controlled by Jews and
  hence illegal that federal income taxes are
  illegal that true law comes from English Common
  Law that the only true legal authority is based
  in the elected county sheriff .on and on and on
  .

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Merging Ideologies of the Right

• The current Christian Identity and Militia
• Movement is primarily the result of the
• merging of three distinct, right-wing and
• racist groups in the United States
• Christian Patriot Organizations and
• Militia Groups (Anti-Government)
• Ku Klux Klan Organizations and
• Traditional Hate Groups
• Neo-Nazis and Skinheads
• Estes Park Meeting
• (October 1992)

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Special-Interest/Single-Issue Terrorism

• Animal rights
• Antiabortion
• Antigenetic
• Environmental rights

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Ecoterrorist Groups

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
• Edward Abby The Monkey Wrench Gang 1975
• Spiking of Trees to Huntington Sciences Lab
  (ALF)
  
• Vail Ski Resort Arson, 2001
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
• Linked to more passive group PETA
• Research facilities and universities
• January 2006 INDICTMENTS

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Fundamentalism from the Christian Perspective
Anti-Abortion

• Selective Interpretation of Scriptures and
  Doctrine
  
• Misuse of Symbolic Words and Phrases
• God Speaks to Me
• Justification for the Use of Violence to Protect
  the Innocent or Our Culture
  
• Charismatic Leadership

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Trends in Middle-Eastern Terrorism

• Religious and Political

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What Is Middle-Eastern Culture?

• There in no single culture embracing the entire
  Middle East --
  
• It is a complex and unique cultural area

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What Is Middle-Eastern Culture?

• Depends on perspective
• To approach suspects, victims, and witnesses in
  Middle-Eastern communities
  
• National origin and politics
• Religious orientation
• Friendship networks and associations
• Arab, Bedouin, Mede, Turk, Asian, Pakistani,
  Iranian, North African, Sub-Saharan African?

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The Stuff of History

• July 4, 1776
• Labor Day
• Christmas
• New Years Day
• September 11
• December 7

• Thanksgiving
• Groundhog Day
• Valentines Day
• Halloween
• World Series
• Super Bowl

• Americans KNOW these dates and events
• You cannot be an American without knowing these

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Everyday Historical Stuff in theMiddle East

• PalestineIsrael Question
• 19th century Zionism
• World War I
• World War II
• 1948
• Conventional Wars

• Middle Easterners KNOW these events
• You cannot be a Middle Easterner without knowing
  these

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Complaints With U.S. Policy

• We have failed to understand the religion,
  culture, social structure and politics of the
  Middle East
  
• Our policies are viewed as exploitive in nature,
  our desire is only oil!
  
• We station troops near Mecca and other holy
  locations in the Middle East
  
• We have supported puppet governments and regimes
  throughout the region
  
• We support Israel and we cannot be trusted

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The Role of Religion(What you need to know to
talk with Muslims)

• Monotheistic, not monolithic
• Islam is as complicated as any religion
• Peaceful branchesSufism
• Militant branchesWahhabism, Jihadist-Salafism
• Islam is a peaceful religion, however
  fundamentalism is alive and well.same as in
  Christianity/Judaism
  

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Basic Islam

• NOT a violent religion
• Cousin to Judaism and Christianity
• Equalizes classes through love of God
• Submission to the will of God
• Muslim is one who submits
• Understand the real meaning
• of jihad

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Basic Islam (continued)

• Monotheism
• The Prophet Mohammed
• 570/71 to June, 682
• Driven from Mecca to Medina, where his following
  grew
  
• Mohammeds search for religion, died in 632 and
  left growth of Islam to his followers
  

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Two Islamic Traditions Sunni and Shiite

• Sunni True Path of Allah strongly associated
  with Saudi Arabia The majority of Muslims in the
  world
  
• Shiite Leaders are descended from Mohammed
  through Fatima (daughter) and Ali (cousin)
  Shiat Ali Leaders are divinely inspired and
  infallible Strongly associated with Iran Only
  about 10 of the Muslim World

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Pillars of Islam

• ShahadaConfession of Faith There is no God but
  Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet
  
• SelahRitual prayers
• ZekahAlms for the poor
• SawmFasting, especially during Ramadan
• HajjPilgrimage to Mecca

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Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements

• Wahhabismmovement related to Saudi
  ArabiaMuhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792).
  
• Reform movement that believes that absolutely
  every tenant added to Islam after the third
  century of the birth of Islam is corrupted.
  
• Keep the original rituals and practices of Islam.
  
  
• Foreign interests and modernity threaten this way
  of life.

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Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements

• The Muslim Brotherhood --- movement related to
  Egypt and the scholarly tradition of Hasan
  al-Banna (1906-1949), Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966),
  Sheik Omar Rahman, and Ayman al Zawahiri (Sunni).
  
• Indigenous political-religious movement against
  European colonial powers that eroded Islamic
  culture.
  
• There is no middle ground only good and evil.
• Implement a new Islamic order through jihad or
  holy war primarily against corrupt Middle
  Eastern regimes and now the
  West.

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Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements

• Salafism movement related to Egypt and the
  writings of Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) and
  Rashid Rida
  
• Emphasizes the self-sufficiency and expansiveness
  of Islam (much more tolerant than Wahhabism)
  
• Modernity has value for Islam (hence, not
  necessarily anti-Western). Recognized the
  exploitation for oil.
  
• Today, a broad philosophy of intellectual and
  cultural undertaking, usually not political.

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Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements

• Jihadist Salafism movement of the second
  generation Salafists, radicalized in the 1980s by
  the Soviet-Afghan War
  
• Embraces a strict and literal interpretation of
  Islam
  
• Violence (jihad) is the instrument to drive out
  the West and destroy corrupt Middle Eastern
  regimes
  
• Charismatic leadership of Usama bin Laden
• Al-Qaeda now morphing into Southeastern Asia with
  Jemaah Islamiah
  

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Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe Radical
Shia Movement

• Khomeinismmovement of Shia Islam as the supreme
  force in the Middle East
  
• Non-secular, religion and government are the
  same
  
• Led by Irans Revolutionary Council
• Surging as a result of Iraqi War
• HizbAllah is Iran (The Ismailities Aga Han)
• Greatly expanded drug (opium) and gun trafficking
  in Turkish and Central Asian Regions
  

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Middle-Eastern Arabic Names

• Ask them to write out their full name
• Full name has four interchangeable partsHassan
  Ahmad Mohammed Al-(El) Shamzi(Given)
  (Father) (Grandfather) (Family)
  
• First child
• Abu (father of) name of child
• Um (mother of)
• Ibn (son of)

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Middle-Eastern Terrorist Groups

• Palestinian Groups
• Post 1982 Groups
• Jihadist Groups
• Southeast Asian Groups

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Middle-Eastern Terrorist GroupsOriginal
Palestinian Groups

• Al-Fatah (to open) Developers of the PLO
• Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -
  PFLP
  
• Black September Organization
• Abu Nidal Group

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al Fatah

• Created October 10, 1959
• Muslim businessman became the military arm of
  the PLO
  
• Led by Yasser Arafat and Kahlil Wazir, a.k.a.
  Abu Jihad (killed 1988)
  
• Purpose to wage war against Israel
• Arafat introduced terrorism against civilians as
  a tactic in the plight for Palestine
  
• Whos the leader now? Arafat or Abbas? Roadmap
  to Peace?
  

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PFLP

• Founded by George Habash in December 1967 in the
  wake of the Six-Day War
  
• Concept of skyjacking by Wadi Haddad and
  Ghassan Khanafani
  
• Ideology combines Marxist ideology with
  Palestinian nationalism
  
• Goal "liberating all of Palestine and
  establishing a democratic socialist Palestinian
  state"
  

George Habash April 2000
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PFLP (continued)

• Leadership
• George Habash, 1967-2000
• Abu Ali Mustafa, 2000-2001 (killed by the
  Israeli Moussad)
  
• Ahmed Sadat, 2001-present
• Will they accept new leadership with the
  Palestinian State?
  
• The PFLP is Christian-based

The PFLP protests against the 1993 peace deal
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Abu Nidal Group

• Leadership founded in 1974 by Sabri al-Banna
  (Abu Nidal) as a consequence of his split from
  the Fatah organization
  
• Organization considers itself (sinceits
  foundation) as the real Fatah, accusing the
  leaders of the original organization of treason
  
• Ideology claims that the armed struggle against
  Israel is a sacred principle, the only way to
  achieve the liberation of all of Palestine, and
  nobody can deny it from the Palestinian people
• Terrorist or Paid Assassin?

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Abu Nidal Organization

• AKA
• Fatah Revolutionary Council
• Arab Revolutionary Brigades
• Black September (not the original)
• Black June
• Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
• Abu Nidal means Father of the Struggle
• Abu Nidals real name was Sabri al-Banna
• Committed suicide in Baghdad on August 20, 2002

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Black September

• Struck against the Israelis at 1972 Munich
  Olympics with the aid of German leftist allies
  
• Operation led by Muhammad Abu Daud, a
  Palestinian guerrilla
  
• September 1970Pan Am, Swissair, and TWA blown up
  in Jordanian Desert
  
• Led by Leila Khaled
• World needs to know the strife of the
  Palestinian people
  
• BSO most infamous terrorist group of its time
• It became the model !

Leila Khaled
Munich Olympic Village
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Post-Invasion of Lebanon (1982)

• Hamas
• Islamic Jihad
• HizbAllah (Hezbollah)

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Hamas

• Leadership Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
• Goal establishment of an Islamic state in all
  of Palestine
  
• Immediate means to achieve this goal is the
  escalation of the armed struggle, and ultimately
  all-out jihad, with the participation not only
  of Palestinian Muslims but of the entire Islamic
  world
• Ideology opposes the Oslo peace process and
  defines the transition to the stage of jihad "for
  the liberation of all of Palestine" as a personal
  religious duty incumbent on every Muslim

Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
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Hamas (continued)

• Outgrowth of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1987
• Mainly located in the Gaza Strip and West Bank
• Almost all Palestinians
• Strong Iranian and Syrian connection
• New Group Connections
• al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade

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Compounding Factors of Hamas

• Can Arafat or Abbas (or any other Palestinian
  Leader), under the new Palestinian Authority,
  control the splinter groups, like Hamas, PFLP,
  PFLP-GC?
• The image of Hamas is different and unique they
  have built schools, hospitals, mosques, and
  social services in Gaza and West Bank.
  
• Linkages with legitimate Islamic groups in the
  US.
  
• Responsible for most of the SUICIDE BOMBINGS

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Deconstructing the Suicide Bomber

• Profile of the Typical Suicide Bomber
• Young man between 18 and 24 years
• Born in poverty with little or no education
• No real understanding of the outside world
• A victim of some personal tragedy, usually by
  war
  
• Often times, avenging the death of a relative or
  close friend
  
• Shahid -- A martyr fulfilling a religious
  command
  

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Political Motivations

• For God, Country and Family
• A Difference in Might
• 75 of the U.S. Support to Israel (about 4
  billion per year) goes to military weaponry
  
• The Palestinian's have no army and lack any
  legitimate access to arms
  
• Suicide Bombings are not a Goal, but rather a
  Means to a Goal
  

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Without social or political crisis, there is no
value placed on suicide bombing

• Hence, suicide bombing is not spawned by
  religion, but rather by social and political
  crisis
  

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Suicide Bombing AttacksExamples
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Hezbollah

• Means Party of God - HizBAllah
• Primarily based in Lebanon Iranian and Syrian
  supported, Shiite organization
  
• Ideology Basis of Hezbollah is Khomeinism and
  its principle goal is the establishment of a
  Pan-Islamic republic headed by religious
  clerics
• Destruction of Israel and the liberation of
  Jerusalem is deemed a religious obligation
  
• Justifies the use of terror against these enemies
  as a weapon in the hands of the weak and
  oppressed against the strong aggressor

SAYYED HASSAN NASRALLAH
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Hezbollah (continued)

• 2000 to presentvery active throughout the
  Middle East and Central Asian Region
  
• Understand the differences between Lebanese
  Hezbollah and others.
  
• Understand Irans role in the development of
  Hezbollah
  
• The Ismailities Northern Alliance Iraqi Shia
  Connectivity
  
• Drugs (opium) and Guns
• Aga Khan

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Jihadist Groups al Qaeda

• Key Players
• Usama bin Laden
• Ayman al Zawahiri
• Abu Zubaydah
• Mohammed Atef

• Key Concepts
• Rigid hierarchy
• Three styles of training
• Three types of groups
• Financing

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al Qaeda Leadership
Usama bin Laden ?
Ayman al Zawahiri ?
Mohammed Atef dead
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al-Qaeda New Threats

• Morphing into other groups and areas
• Capitalizing on Islamic Fundamentalism
• Social and Political Crisis
• Drawing on Revolutionary Religious Leaders of the
  Past
  
• Major Target Acquisition and Event Planning
• These People are at War!

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Egyptian Islamic Jihad

• Out-growth of
• The Muslim
• Brotherhood
• AKA
• al-Jihad
• Islamic Jihad
• Jihad Group

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Fundamentalism in Southeast Asia

• Jemaah Islamiyah
• Bali Bombing, active in the Philippines w/
  al-Qaeda
  
• Leadership under Abu Bakar Bashir (arrested)
• Goal Establish Islamic state across Southeast
  Asia
  
• Linked to Moro Islamic Liberation Front (fighting
  a guerrilla war for 25 years in Mindanao
  (Training camps
  
• Poses significant new threat to Western
  interests
  
• Abu Sayyaf
• A bunch of thugs using Islamic Fundamentalism as
  a cover

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Jemaah Islamiyah

• Bombed Bali nightclub, killing over 200
• Leader is Iman Samudra (now in custody)
• Linked to al Qaeda through Riduan Isamuddin, aka
  Hambali
  
• Active in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
  and Singapore
  
• Note The fastest growing population of Islam is
  in the far east, populations are desperate and
  there is a history of violent, governmental
  suppression!
• Al-Qaeda morphing into Southeast Asian Groups?

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Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

• Operates in Philippines
• Smallest, but most radical group
• Linked with Moro National Liberation Front
• Linked to al Qaeda, but mainly
• street thugs and drug dealers
• Tactics bombings, assassinations, kidnappings,
  extortion
  
• Kidnapping draws international attention

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Jewish Extremism

• Groups that feel they have a right to reestablish
  the Biblical Kingdom of David

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Kach (Thus)

• Founded in New York, New York, by American Rabbi
  Meir Kahane
  
• Philosophy non-Jews must be driven from
  Israel
  
• Primary activities murder of Palestinians
• Operations Israel and New York City

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Kahane Chai (Kahane Lives)

• Meir Kahane murdered by al Qaeda allies in New
  York
  
• Binyamin Kahane founds Kahane Chai
• Declared terrorists by Israeli government in
  1994
  
• Kahane killed in December 2000

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How have we responded to terrorism since
09/11/2001 ?
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INTELLIGENCE AND TERRORISM

• The move to Intelligence-Led Policing
• Intelligence is data and information that has
  been evaluated, analyzed and produced with
  careful conclusions and recommendations
  
• Intelligence is a product

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NCISP 2003 The Intelligence Cycle

• Requirements
• Planning and Direction
• Collection
• Processing and Exploitation
• Analysis and Production
• Dissemination

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FUSION CENTERS

• Supports broad range of activities
• Tactical vs Strategic
• Protect critical infrastructure and key resources
  (CI/KRs)
  
• Maintain public tip lines
• Support better decision-making in policing
• What works in policing? What works in preventing
  crime and terrorism?

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Questions and Answers