Church Reform and the Crusades

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Church Reform and the Crusades
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Serious Problems in Church

• Between 500 and 1000, Europe was experiencing
  constant invasion from Vikings, Muslims, and
  Magyars
• Vikings looted monasteries (centers of learning)
• Learning declined significantly priests could
  barely read some popes had questionable morals

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Specific Problems

• Priests were marrying
• Simony practice of selling positions in the
  Church
• Lay Investiture practice of kings appointing
  bishops instead of the pope

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Reforms Begin

• WHERE a Benedictine monastery at Cluny in France
• WHEN 910 A.D.
• WHAT lived by Benedicts strict code ended
  simony and priest marriage
• WHO Pope Leo IX began the reforms after spending
  time at Cluny (followed by Pope Gregory VII
  remember Canossa?)

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Church Reorganization

• In the 1100s and 1200s the church looked more
  like a kingdom with the pope at the head
• Popes advisors were called the papal Curia
• Curia acted as a court, developed Canon Law, made
  decisions about marriage, divorce, and
  inheritance
• Church taxes (tithes) collected approx. 10 of
  wages
• Hospitals started by the church

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Preaching Friars

• In the early 1200s, Friars traveled from place
  to place
• They took vows of chastity, poverty, and
  obedience
• Dominicans earliest order of friars started by
  a Spanish monk, Dominic
• Franciscans started by St. Francis of Assisi who
  was the son of a rich merchant
• Poor Clares helped the poor and sick

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Cathedrals

• New architectural style emerged called Gothic
• Very tall buildings with large stain glass
  windows
• Cathedrals were supposed to represent the City of
  God
• Large spires that seemed to reach to heaven

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Crusades

• Age of Faith began in 1093
• Come then, with all your people and give battle
  with all your strength, so that all this treasure
  shall not fall into the hands of the Turks. . . .
  Therefore act while there is still time lest the
  kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your
  sight and, what is more important, the Holy
  Sepulchre the tomb where Jesus was buried shall
  vanish. And in your coming you will find your
  reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God
  will condemn you.EMPEROR ALEXIUS COMNENUS

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Goal of the Crusades

• The Crusades had economic, social, religious, and
  political goals
• Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and
  threatened Constantinople

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First and Second Crusade

• Large amount of religious unity
• Crusaders were promised place in heaven if they
  died in battle
• First Crusade
• Completely unorganized
• Mostly French, some Bohemians (Czechs), German,
  English, Spanish
• With 12,000 men they besieged Jerusalem for one
  month July 15, 1099 capture Jerusalem

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Third and Fourth Crusade

• The Big Three Phillip II (France), Richard the
  Lion Hearted (England), and Frederick I (Germany)
• Phillip II wimped out
• Frederick drowned in a river
• Saladin successfully recaptured Jerusalem great
  Muslim warrior
• Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin
• Ended in a truce
• Saladin agreed to allow Christians to visit holy
  places

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The Later Crusades

• In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem
  failed.
• The Children's Crusade took place in 1212
• Led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes
• An estimated 30,000 children under 18 joined him
• Many died from cold and starvation
• The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery

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The Spanish Crusade

• Muslims (called Moors) controlled most of Spain
  until the 1100s
• Reconquista The long effort to drive the Muslims
  from Spain
• 1492 the last Muslim Kingdom in Spain fell to
  Ferdinand and Isabella (Columbus sailed the ocean
  blue)
• Inquisition a court held by the Church to
  suppress heresy

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The Effects of the Crusades

• Women who were widowed or left at home began to
  manage personal affairs and run businesses
• Trade expands from Europe to Middle East
• Popes power decreased
• The intolerance and prejudice displayed by
  Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy
  of bitterness and hatred
• Future persecution of Jews throughout Europe