Church Reform and Crusades

1
Chapter 14

• Section 1
• Church Reform and Crusades

2
Simony

• This was selling positions in the church.

3
St Francis of Assisi

• Friars were a church group that owned nothing and
  begged for food.
• St Francis of Assisi was a famous friar, who
  treated all creatures as his spiritual brothers
  and sisters.
• He founded the Franciscans friars

4
Cathedrals-Cities of God

• Gothic were the new style of Churches or
  Cathedrals.
• They were towering structures that seemed to
  reach towards the heavens.
• Light came through the stained glass windows.

5
The Crusades
6
Urban II

• In 1093, The Byzantine emperor asked for help
  against the Muslims.
• Pope Urban II to begin a crusade or a holy war.
• He wanted Christians to gain control of the
  Jerusalem and the entire Holy Lands.

7
The first Crusades

• It began in 1096.
• Badly organized, yet the Crusaders did capture
  some of the Holy lands including Jerusalem.

8
Chapter 14

• Section 2
• Trade, Towns and Financial Revolution

9
Growing food Supply

• Food supply increased because of three factors.
• 1.Warmer weather between 800 and 1200.
• 2. Horses were used because of a new type of
  harness, horses could do twice the work of an
  oxen.
• 3. Three-field system- crop rotation, farmers
  would plant on 2 fields and left 1 field
  unplanted. This produced a greater yield of
  food.

10
guilds

• Craft workers started make goods.
• The workers joined a guild, which is an
  organization of workers of the same job.
• As a town grew, craft guilds were formed.

11
moneylenders

• Many of Europes Jews lived in towns and were
  money lenders. Christians could not lend money
  for interest. It was considered a sin called
  usury.
• This was one of the few things that Jews could do.

12
Vernacular

• During this time most writers wrote in Latin.
  Some writers started writing in the vernacular or
  the everyday language of their homeland.

13
Writers

• Some of these writers were Date Alighieri who
  wrote The Divine Comedy (in Italian).
• Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales (in
  English).

14
Scholastics

• Men like Aquinas and other scholars that studied
  at universities were known as scholastics.
• They used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate
  many issues of their time.
• Their knowledge of law influenced much of western
  Europe.

15
Thomas Aquinas

• A scholar who wrote that the most basic religious
  truths can be proved by logical argument.
• He wrote the Summa Theologica.
• He combined ancient Greek thought with Christian
  thought.

16
Section 3

• England and France Develop

17
William the Conqueror

• In Jan 1066, King Edward of England died without
  an heir to the throne.
• William the duke of Normandy, was a cousin of
  Edward. William claimed the throne and invaded
  England.
• His rival was Harold Godwinson, the Anglo-Saxon
  who claimed the throne.

18
Battle of Hastings

• On Oct, 14, 1066, the Normans and the Saxons
  fought the battle that changed the course of
  English history, The battle of Hastings.
• After Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye,
  the Normans won a decisive victory.
• With this victory, William claimed all of England
  as his personal property.

19
Henry II

• One of Williams descendants tried to hold and
  add to the land they had in France, as well
  increase control in England.
• Henry II was one of the strongest of Williams
  descendants

20
Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had
  been married to King Louis VII of France.
• From this marriage, Henry gained more territory
  in France.

21
Parliament

• Another step toward limiting the king came in the
  1200s.
• Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against
  France.
• He called for representatives from all of
  England. It was called Parliament.
• His model of Parliament was attended by Bishops,
  nobles, and common people.

22
Magna Carta

• Henry IIs son, King John had problems.
• A poor military leader, his harsh rule caused his
  nobles to rebel against him.
• In 1215, they forced him to sign the Magna Carta.
• This put a limit on the Kings power and only
  protected the nobility.

23
Capetian Dynasty rules France

• This was a new dynasty in France.
• The first ruler was Hugh Capet.
• One of the most successful kings of this dynasty
  was Phillip II, he tripled the land under his
  control and made a stronger central government.
• His grandson Louis IX, he set up royal courts.
  King Phillip IV also called for a meeting of
  representatives which included common people.
• This meeting was called the Estates General.

24
Section 4

• A Century of Turmoil

25
Avignon

• In 1300, the pope stated that he had power over
  King Phillip IV.
• Phillip refused to obey him and held the pope
  prisoner and planned to put him on trial.
• The pope was rescued but soon died.
• The King then forced an election of a French
  pope, where the pope moved to Avignon in France.
• This action weakened the church.

26
Great Schism

• When the French pope died, an Italian pope was
  elected.
• The French then elected their own pope.
• Confusion resulted and church officials had two
  popes, one in France and the other in Rome.
• This situation lasted 39 years and it was called
  the Great Schism.

27
John Wycliff

• An English scholar who argued that Jesus Christ
  is the true head of the church not the pope.

28
John Huss

• A Bohemian who argued that the bible not the pope
  had the final authority for Christian teachings.
• Huss was then burned at the stake for being a
  heretic.

29
Bubonic Plague

• This deadly disease struck in 1347 and lasted
  decades.
• The disease wiped out one-third of European
  population

30
Hundred Years War

• A century long war also helped bring the Middle
  ages to an end.
• The last Captian king of France died without and
  heir.
• Edward III of England claimed the throne.
• In 1337, he began a war to win control of France.
  
• This conflict is known as the Hundred years war.

31
longbows

• The English won 3 important battles Crecy,
  Poitiers, and Agincourt.
• The archers used longbows.
• These weapons launched arrows that killed
  one-third of the French troops.

32
Joan of Arc

• A French teenage peasant girl who led the French
  army and broke the siege at Orleans.
• Joan was later captured by allies of the English
  turned over to the church.
• She was tried as a witch and burned at the stakes.

33
End of the hundred years war

• It ended in 1453.
• Most of the fighting took place in France, which
  caused much suffering there.
• The war did however, produce a strong national
  feeling in both France and England.
• It provided the sense that the king was not just
  a feudal lord but a leader of a nation.