The High Middle Ages 1050-1450

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The High Middle Ages1050-1450

• Church Reform and the Crusades
• Changes in Medieval Society
• England and France Develop
• Hundred Years War and The Plague

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Medieval Europe 12th Century
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Why did the Church Need to Reform?

• Problems in the Church
• Village priests were not keeping their vows of
  poverty, and chastity
• Simony
• Lay investiture

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What was the significance of Gothic Cathedrals?

• They represented The City of God
• They were taller, more light, stained glass
• Attracted pilgrims and others to the town or city

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The Crusades

• Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I asks for help to
  fight the Turks
• Council of Clermont 1095, Pope Urban calls for a
  holy War
• By 1096, thousands of knights and others were on
  their way to Jerusalem
• Pope Urban hoped to increase his power and heal
  the schism
• Stop Christian knights fighting among themselves
  and towards Muslims

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What were the goals of the Crusades?

• Religious
• Gain access to eternal life
• Remission of sins
• Get rid of quarrelsome knights
• Increase political power
• Increase wealth
• Adventure

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Why did they go on Crusade?

• Religious zeal
• Wealth and land
• Escape troubles at home
• Forgiveness of sin
• Eternal salvation

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Were they successful?

• Only the first one
• 1099, Christians captured Jerusalem
• Massacred Jewish and Muslim residents
• Continued off and on for 200 years
• Lands were divided into fours small states

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Who was Saladin?

• Great Muslim leader
• 1197, he had taken the control of Jerusalem
• Third Crusade failed again
• Saladin reopened the city to Christian pilgrims

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Were there other Crusades?

• Other Muslim lands came under attack especially
  North Africa
• All ended in defeat
• During the Fourth Crusade, Christians started
  fighting Christians
• Captured and looted Constantinople
• 1291, Acre is captured by Muslims and Christians
  are slaughtered.

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Effects of the Crusades

• Legacy of Hatred
• Increase of trade
• Fabrics, spices
• Perfumes
• Money economy
• Serfdom was undermined
• Increased power of feudal monarchs
• Rulers won new rights to levy taxes

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More Effects?

• Papal power grew but then declined
• Increased resentments toward Eastern Orthodox
  Church
• Widened world view
• 1271, Marco Polo went to China
• By the 1400s Europeans seek direct trade with
  the East
• Age of Exploration

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Changes in Medieval Society
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Changes in Medieval Society Agriculture

• Oxen to Horsepower
• More hours per day
• Moved faster
• Horse collar-pulled more weight
• Iron horseshoes
• The three Field System
• Rotate crops and let 1 field rest to regain its
  fertility (horse poo)

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Changes to Medieval Society The Guilds

• Guild- organization of individuals in same
  business or occupation
• Gain Power and influence
• Set working conditions, prices, standards
• Built alms house for poor
• Donated to the church
• Policed the streets

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Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church

• Monarchs had limited power
• Nobles and Popes had their own courts, collected
  their own taxes, and fielded their own armies
• Resisted efforts to weaken their authority

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Strong Monarchs in England

• During the Early Middle Ages Angles, Saxons, and
  Vikings all invaded and gradually settled in
  England (Anglo-Saxon)
• Feudalism developed but English rulers usually
  managed to keep kingdoms united
• In 1066, Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor
  died without an heir
• http//www.btinternet.com/7Emrfield/Conquest/Come
  t.htm

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Three Claims to the Throne of England
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Harold Godwinson (Anglo-Saxon)

• Edward the Confessors brother-in law
• Earlier he had been captured and held hostage in
  Normandy
• Supposedly swore allegiance to William
• After Edwards death, he was elected king by the
  nobles

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William of Normandy (William the Bastard)

• Duke of Normandy
• Descendant of Vikings
• Distant cousin of Edward the Confessor
• Claimed Harold violated his oath of allegiance
• When Harold was crowned King, William was enraged
• Won backing of the Pope
• Raised an army and invaded England in 1066

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Harold Hardrada (Viking)

• King of Scandinavia
• Distant relation of Edward the Confessor
• Challenges Harold Godwinson with the help of
  Harolds brother, Tostig
• Harold defeats him at the Battle of Stamford
  Bridge, Sept. 1066

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Battle of Stanford BridgeHarold vs. Harold
Harold Godwinson defeats Harold Hardrada but then
immediately has to turn and march south to face
William of Normandy
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Harold Had to Fight Two Major Battles, 250 miles
apart in less than Three Weeks!!!!!
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Norman Invasion of England
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Battle of Hastings October,1066

• William invaded from Normandy
• Harold Godwinson defeated
• Bayeux Tapestry, documented the events
• Christmas Day, 1066 William crowned King of
  England and Normandy

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The Bayeux Tapestry Norman Propaganda,
Subversive Anglo-Saxon Narrative, or French
Revisionism?

• http//www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/BayeuxContents.ht
  m

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Growth of Royal Power

• William was a very strong king
• Gave land to his Norman lords, but kept most for
  himself
• Required every vassal swear first allegiance to
  him rather than to any other feudal lord.

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Domesday Book

• Complete census
• Listed every castle, field, pigpen in England
• Helped build an efficient system of tax
  collecting
• Led to the exchequer, or treasury, to collect
  taxes

http//www.domesdaybook.co.uk/
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Unified Legal System Henry II

• 1154, inherited the throne
• Expanded customs into laws
• Sent out traveling justices to enforce the royal
  law
• Became the foundation of common law, legal system
  based on custom and court rulings (precedent)

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Unified Legal System Common Law

• Royal court decisions became the foundation of
  English common law
• legal system based on custom and court rulings
• Common law applied to all of England
• Early jury system-jure means sworn on oath
• Decided which cases should be brought to trial
• modern day grand juries
• Later another jury evolved-12 neighbors or peers
  of an accused
• Ancestor of today's trial jury

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Conflict with the Church Henry II and Thomas
Becket

• Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal
  courts
• Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury and Henrys
  longtime friend, opposed the king
• In 1170, nobles murdered him in the Cathedral

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Evolving Traditions of English Government

• Kings continued to struggle with both the Church
  and nobles over taxes and authority
• Traditions of government evolved and influence
  the modern world

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King John His Troubles

• Henry IIs son
• Clever, greedy, untrustworthy, cruel
• Enemies Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III,
  and his own nobles
• Lost war with Phillip
• Had to give up lands in Anjou and Normandy

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King John and Pope Innocent III

• Conflict over the appointment of the New
  Archbishop of Canterbury
• John was excommunicated
• England placed under interdict
• John capitulated-had to accept that England was a
  fief of the papacy-pay a yearly fee to Rome

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Magna Carta

• Johns nobles were angered by oppressive taxes,
  etc.
• In 1215, rebellious barons forced him to sign the
  Magna Carta
• King affirmed rights of nobles mainly but also
  townspeople Church

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Magna Carta

• Applied to every freeman
• No arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, or other
  legal actions
• No new taxes without approval from Great Council
• Asserted the rights of nobles, common people
• Monarch must obey the law

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Why was Magna Carta so important?

• Formed the basis for due process of law
• Great Council evolved into Parliament
• Later, it became a two house body-House of Lords
  and a House of Commons
• United States used Parliament as a model
• The Senate and the House of Representatives

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Development of Parliament

• English rulers call on the Great Council for
  advice
• During the 1200s it evolved into Parliament
• Helped to unify England
• 1295, Edward I summoned Parliament to approve
  money for his wars in France
• What touches all should be approved by all.

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Monarchs in France

• Monarchs in France did not rule a unified kingdom
• Provinces and territories were ruled by feudal
  nobles

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The Capetians Hugh Capet

• Count of Paris
• In 987, feudal nobles elected him to fill the
  vacant throne/believed him weak
• He and his heirs slowly increased royal power
• Increased territory
• Began a period of peace and prosperity
• Capetian Dynasty 987-1328

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How did they increase royal power?

• Made the throne hereditary
• Lasted for 300 years
• Won the support of the Church
• Played rival lords off of one another
• Built an effective bureaucracy
• Collected taxes
• Imposed royal law
• Established order and gained the support of the
  new middle class

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The Capetians Philip Augustus/Philip II

• Shrewd and able leader
• Appointed middle-class officials
• Established bailiffs to preside over court and
  collect taxes
• Charters to new towns
• Created a standing army
• New national tax
• Increased royal lands
• Sent his knights to suppress a threat to the
  Church
• By 1223, the most powerful ruler in Europe

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The Capetians Louis IX

• Ideal monarch- generous, noble, devoted to
  justice and chivalry
• Deeply religious
• Declared a saint
• Persecuted heretics Jews
• Led knights into two battles against Muslims

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How did Louis improve government in France?

• Sent out roving officials
• Established an appeals court
• Outlawed private wars
• Ended serfdom
• Sometimes even acted as a judge to ensure justice

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The Capetains Philip IV

• Louiss grandson
• Collect taxes from clergy
• Conflict with Pope Boniface VII
• Philip sent troops to seize Boniface but he
  escaped
• He was beaten badly and died soon after
• Frenchman elected Pope
• Moved the papal court to Avignon on the border
  with Southern France
• Gave French kings control over religion

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The Estates General

• 1302, to rally support from French people for
  Philips conflict with the Pope
• Represented all three classes clergy, nobles,
  townspeople
• Never gained much power no power of purse

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Holy Roman Empire

• In 936,Otto I, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor for
  protecting the Church
• Begins the Holy Roman Empire
• Close relationship between Church and State
• Tensions arose over who would appoint Church
  officials-investiture

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Conflict Between Popes Emperors Gregory VII

• Reform corrupt church leaders
• Make the Church independent of secular rulers
• 1075, Banned practice of lay investiture-(church
  official chosen by kings)

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Conflict Between Popes Emperors Henry IV

• Holy Roman Emperor
• Angered by Pope Gregorys actions
• Needed church leaders to support him against
  powerful German lords

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Conflict Between Henry and Gregory

• Henry IV demanded that Gregory VII resign as Pope
• Henry IV was excommunicated by Gregory VII
• Henry realized he could not win so begs for
  forgiveness
• Countess Matilda, Henry is forgiven

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The Concordat of Worms

• Agreement that church officials could appoint
  church leaders
• Kings could give titles and land grant to church
  officials
• 1st document outlining separate areas of
  responsibility for Church and State

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Struggle for Italy Frederick I

• Also known as Barbarossa
• Ambitious, wanted to build a huge empire
• Wanted to control wealthy northern Italian cities
  but they resisted
• Cities joined with the Pope to create the Lombard
  League
• Defeated Frederick I
• Arranged marriage of his son, Henry to Sicilian
  Constance
• increased German influence over Italian affairs

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Struggle for Italy Frederick II

• Child of Henry and Constance
• Raised in Southern Italy
• More Italian than German
• Continued the conflicts with Popes
• Ultimately unsuccessful

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Church Power

• 1209, Papacy at its height
• Pope Innocent III launched a crusade against the
  Albigensians in southern France
• They wanted to purify the church
• Thousands were killed

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Reconquista of Spain

• Christians had been battling Muslims for
  centuries in Spain
• By the 700s, Muslims controlled more of the
  Iberian peninsula
• Several Christian kingdoms survived in the north

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Ferdinand and Isabella

• 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of
  Aragon
• Brought together the two most powerful kingdoms
• Made a final push against the Muslims in Granada
  in 1492 and won
• The Reconquista was complete

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How did they rule?

• Tried to impose unity
• Joined forces with townspeople against nobles
• Under the Inquisition, toleration ended
• Brutality against both Muslims and Jews
• Convert or be burned at the stake
• 150,000 people fled
• Many were skilled, educated people

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Learning, Literature, and the Arts

• By 1100s, Europe was experiencing dynamic
  changes
• Steady food supply
• Revival of trade
• Growth of towns
• Some became wealthy

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Universities

• Church needed better educated clergy
• Educated men were needed for government
  bureaucracies
• Path to opportunity for townspeople

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Academic Guilds

• By 1100s schools were created around the
  cathedrals to train the clergy
• Evolved into the first universities
• Organized like guilds to protect members and set
  standards
• Salerno and Bologna had the first universities
• Specialized in topics i.e., medicine, theology
• Students would travel from one to the other

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Student Life

• Awake at 500am for prayers
• Class til 1000am
• Breakfast-beef and soup, oatmeal
• Afternoon classes til 500pm
• Light supper, study and then bed
• No permanent buildings
• Students sat on hard benches
• Teacher dictated and then explained Latin texts
• Students memorized
• Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar,
  rhetoric, logic
• Oral exams
• Bachelor Degree 3-6 years
• Masters- several more years

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Women and Education

• Not allowed to attend universities
• Limited their opportunities
• Deprived of mental stimulation
• Encouraged to pursue their natural gifts
• Raise children, manage household, needlework

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Christine de Pizan

• Italian born, lived at French court
• Married at 15, widowed at 25
• Three children
• Became a writer
• Wrote The City of Ladies, examined the
  achievements of women

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The City of Ladies

• If it were customary to send daughters to school
  like sons, and if they were then taught the same
  subject, they would learn as thoroughly and
  understand the subtleties of all arts and
  sciences as well as sons.

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Europeans Acquire New Learning

• Muslim scholars translated the works of Aristotle
  and other Greeks into Arabic
• Jewish scholars translated these works into Latin
• By 1100, revolution in new learning

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Philosophy

• Aristotle taught that humans should their reason
• Christians believed on the basis of faith
• Church had final authority
• How could they use logic without undermining
  their faith?

Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle
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Scholasticism

• Attempt to resolve the dilemma
• Method used to support Christian beliefs
• Scholastics studied the works of the Muslim
  philosopher Averroes and the Jewish rabbi
  Maimonides

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Thomas Aquinas

• Christian Scholar who used reason to examine
  Christian teachings
• Summa Theologica
• Faith and reason existed in harmony
• Both led to the same truth

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Science and Math

• Translated works reached Europe from Spain and
  Byzantine Empire
• Studied Hippocrates and Euclid
• Observation and experimentation used to study the
  physical world
• Very little progress because most scholars
  believed that all true knowledge must fit with
  Church teachings

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Song of Roland

• Popular poem
• Author unknown
• Based on real event during Charlemagnes reign
• Praises the courage of one knight against Muslims
  in Spain
• Roland sacrifices his life for honor

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Poem of the Cid

• Spains great epic
• Battle against Muslim forces
• The Cid was Rodrigo Diaz, a bold and fiery
  Christian lord who battle Muslims in Spain

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The Divine Comedy

• Written by Dante Alighieri
• Imaginary journey through hell and purgatory, and
  heaven
• Abandon all hope, all ye who enter here
• Talks with people from history
• Humor, tragedy, quest for religious understanding
• Summarizes Christian ethics

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Canterbury Tales

• Geoffrey Chaucer
• English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Beckets
  tomb
• Character sketches that each tell a story
  including a knight, a plowman, a merchant, a
  miller, a nun, the wife of bath
• Funny, romantic, bawdy
• Gives a vivid picture of medieval life

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Architecture

• Flying buttresses

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Gothic Architecture

• pointed arches
• ribbed vault
• flying buttresses 
• made church much larger and brighter
• transferred weight of ceilings to the flying
  buttresses
• Allowed the use of huge stain glass windows in
  the walls
• transformed into a very bright and warm   
• reflected increased wealth and influence 
• Some took over a century to build.   

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Architecture Romanesque vs. Gothic
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Art

• sculptures
• stained glass windows
• Illuminated manuscripts

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What Led to the End of Medieval Society?

• Factor 1 The Great Schism
• Factor 2 The Bubonic Plague
• Factor 3 The Hundred Years War

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1The Great Schism

• When and how did the Great Schism Begin?
• 1305
• College of Cardinals chose a French pope who
  moved Rome to Avignon, France

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1The Great Schism

• When and how was the Great Schism resolved?
• 1417
• Council of Constance elected a new pope to
  replace the 3 popes who had been forced to resign

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1 The Great Schism

• How did the Great Schism affect medieval life?
• Weakened the church

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The Black Death

• Other small plagues had come and gone but one
  strain survived
• 1200s Mongol armies took control of China
• 1348, all of Europe decimated (Italy, Spain,
  France, and England)
• One in three died
• 25 million people died in just under five years

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What caused it?

• Bubonic plague came from Infected fleas on rats
• Crowded cities in China spread it
• Rats on clothes, packs, ships, fleas on rats,
  rats in homes
• India, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia, Cairo
  devastated

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Social Upheaval

• Terror, no cure, some turned to magic, some to
  wild pleasures
• Some thought it was Gods punishment, some blamed
  the Jews,
• Normal life broke down
• The Decameron by Boccaccio described how people
  turned against each other in their fear

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2 The Bubonic Plague

• Where did the plague begin and how did it spread?
• Asia
• Spread to Europe through trade

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Economic Effects

• Production declined
• Survivors demanded higher wages
• Inflation soared
• Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit
  wages
• Landowners converted cropland to sheep
  raising-required less labor
• Villages sought work in towns
• Guild refused to accept new members
• Explosive revolts
• Took 100 years to recover

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2 The Bubonic Plague

• What were some economic effects of the plague?
• Severe decline in population and trade
• Higher prices
• Peasant revolts
• Decline in manorial system

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How did Black Death affect the Church?

• Spiritual crisis
• Scandal
• Divisions
• Pope in Avignon reigned lavish corrupt
  (Babylonian Captivity)
• 1378, reformers established their pope in Rome
• Led to a schism
• 1417, Council at Constance ended the crisis

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2 The Bubonic Plague

• How did the plague affect the Church?
• Church lost power and prestige when prayer and
  penances failed to stop it.

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Hundred Years War1337-1453

• Rivalry between England and France over Norman
  ancestral lands
• Edward III claimed throne of France
• Economic rivalry and growing national pride

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3 The Hundred Years War

• What was the primary reason for the war?
• English claims to the French throne

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English Victories

• 1346- Crecy
• 1356- Portiers
• 1415-Agincourt
• Longbow-6 ft. long vs. cross-bow
• 3 arrows to one
• Pierced armor

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French Cannon

• Helped capture English held castles and defeat
  Englands armies.
• By 1453, English held only the port of Calais in
  northwestern France

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3 The Hundred Years War

• What was the outcome of the war?
• French eventually won
• English left France except for the port city of
  Calais

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What were the Effects of the Hundred Years War?

• Set England and France on different paths
• France-growing sense of national feeling and
  allowed French Kings to expand their power
• English kings had to ask for money from
  Parliament-gave it more power
• Loss of French lands meant no continental empire
  for England
• Longbow and cannon undermined need for knights
  and castles
• Now, Kings needed large armies, not feudal
  vassals

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3 The Hundred Years War

• How did the war affect medieval society?
• Age of chivalry died and an emerging sense of
  nationalism replaced feudal loyalties

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Who was John Wycliffe?

• English preacher who challenged attacked
  corruption of Church
• Bible not the Church was the source of Christian
  truth
• Translated the bible into English
• Jan Hus led a similar campaign in Bohemia (Czech
  Republic)
• Hus was burned at the stake for heresy

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Joan of Arc

• 1429, appeared at the court of Charles VII
• God sent her to save France
• Led the French to many victories 1429-1431
• Taken captive by English allies and placed on
  trial for witchcraft
• Convicted and burned at the stake
• Rallied the French

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