Expansion in Italy

1
Expansion in Italy

• Roman legion military unit of 5,000 men
• Citizen-soldiers fought without pay at first
• Values of loyalty, courage respect for
  authority strong soldiers
• Later years --- soldiers were paid a stipend in
  salt (from Latin phrase salarium argentum salt
  money) ---where we get the word salary
• 270 BC Rome controlled most of Italian peninsula

2
Rome Provinces

• Loyalty of conquered territories occurred because
  of the following
• Enemies treated with some justice --- could keep
  most customs, monetary system, govt., etc.
• Also partial and/or full citizenship awarded
• Conquered territories owed
• Tribute (3 prizes of war) Grain, slaves,
  treasure
• Had to acknowledge Roman leadership
• Had to supply soldiers for the Roman armies

3
Roman Roads

• Roman armies built a network of roads to link
  distant territories to Rome.
• Trade and travel increased but was slow and
  difficult (word travel related to travail or
  torture)
• 50-60 miles a day fast rate of travel
• 25-30 miles a day avg. rate of travel

4
Section 2 From Republic to Empire

• After Romes conquest of the Italian peninsula,
  they inherited the Greek rivalry with Carthage
  over trade and control of the Mediterranean Sea.

5
The Punic Wars (264-146 BC)

• 3 wars against Carthage
• Punicus Latin word for Phoeniciancame from a
  word meaning purple (they made a purple dye from
  shellfish)
• Phoenicians settled in Carthage/dominated North
  African coast and Med. Sea

6
1st Punic War (264-241 BC)

• Fought for control of Mediterranean Sea
• Rome built up its fleet defeated Carthage
• Rome won Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia

• Hamilcar Barca put in charge of the citys
  defense
• Set out to conquer Spainfell in battle
• Hannibal (age 26) took control of Carthage

7
2nd Punic War (218-201 BC)

• Hannibal sought revenge on Rome
• Led army (90,000 infantry, 12,000 calvary, 37 war
  elephants) through Spain, across Pyrenees over
  the Rhone Alps and into Italy.

• Hannibal won many battles in 15 years.
• 216 50,000-70,000 Romans killed at Cannae (arms
  grain depot)
• Rome awaited Hannibal Senate closed city gates
• 210 Gen. Scipio of Rome took New
  CarthageHasdrubal escaped, but was murdered
  while bringing provisions to Hannibal.

8
2nd Punic War cont.

• Romansunder Scipio Africanus attacked
  Carthage...forced Hannibal and forces back to
  homeland.
• 202 At Zama (75 SW of Carthage) Hannibal was
  defeated.

• RESULT Carthage forced to give up all lands
  outside of Africa (Spain)
• RESULT Carthage had to reduce fleet to 10 ships
• Cato (veteran of 2nd Punic War) finally goaded
  Rome into the 3rd punic war
• Cato ended every Senate speech with, Carthage
  must be destroyed!

9
3rd Punic War (149-146 BC)

• Provoked by the Romans!
• After 2nd defeat Carthage returned to some of its
  former glory.
• Rome used an ally (Masinissa) as an excuse to go
  to war.they came to their aid after Masinissa
  (west of Carthage) deliberately provoked war.

10
Final Results!

• Rome decreed total abandonment of the city.
• Carthaginians refusedled to a 3-year long siege
• Romans eventually breached the walls, burned the
  city executed or sold the locals into slavery!
  Approx. 100,000 killed