Empire and Expansion

1
Empire and Expansion

• Imperialism
• Chapter 27

2
America Turns Outward

• Farmers and factory owners look outside of US for
  new markets, products, etc.
• Yellow Press
• Development of the Navy
• Captain Alfred Thayer Mahans Book The Influence
  of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783-controlling
  the sea was key to being a world power

3
America Turns Outward

• Secretary Blain and Big Sister Policy to get
  South American markets to open up to American
  markets.

4
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear

• 1840s U.S. warns other nations to keep their
  hands off Hawaii
• 1870-treaty gives rights to U.S. to keep naval
  base at Pearl Harbor
• The profits of sugar cultivation in Hawaii became
  less profitable with the McKinley Tariff of
  1890. 
• American planters decided that the best way to
  overcome the tariff would be to annex Hawaii.  

5

• Queen Liliuokalani insisted that native Hawaiian
  should control the islands.
• A desperate minority of whites organized a
  successful revolt in 1893.  The Queen was
  overthrown and white revolutionists gained
  control of Hawaii.  When a treaty to annex Hawaii
  was presented to the Senate, President Grover
  Cleveland promptly withdrew it. 

6
Cubans Rise in Revolt

• Sugar production of Cuba became less profitable
  when the America passed the tariff of 1894.
• Cubans began to revolt against their Spanish
  captors in 1895 after the Spanish began to place
  Cubans in reconcentration camps and treat them
  very poorly.  Cuban revolutionaries began to
  reason that if they destroyed enough of Cuba and
  did enough damage, then Spain might abandon Cuba
  or the United States might move in and help the
  Cubans with their independence.

7

• America had a large investment as well as annual
  trade stake in Cuba.
• Congress passed a resolution in 1896 that
  recognized the belligerence of the revolted
  Cubans.  President Cleveland refused to budge and
  fight for Cuba's independence.
• Yellow journalism makes Americans believe that
  conditions in Cuba are worse then they are.

8
Mysterious Explosion of the Maine

• On February 15, 1898, the American ship, Maine
  blew up in the Havana port.  The Spanish
  investigators deduced that it was an accident
  (spontaneous combustion in one of the coal
  bunkers) while the American investigators claimed
  that Spain had sunk it.  The American people were
  convinced by the American investigators and war
  with Spain became imminent.

9

• American diplomats had already gained Madrid's
  agreement to Washington's 2 basic demands an end
  to the reconstruction camps and an armistice with
  Cuban rebels.
• Although President McKinley did not want a war
  with Spain, the American people did.  He felt
  that the people should rule so he sent his war
  message to Congress on April 11, 1898. 
• Congress declared war and adopted the Teller
  Amendment.  It proclaimed to the world that when
  the United States had overthrown the Spanish
  misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.

10
Deweys May Day Victory at Manilla

• American forces outnumbered Spanish forces
• Roosevelt called upon Commodore George Dewey's
  6-ship fleet to descend upon Spain's Philippines
  in the event of war.  On May 1, 1898, Dewey
  slipped by detection at night and attacked and
  destroyed the 10-ship Spanish fleet at Manila.

11
Confused Invasion of Cuba

• Army was supplied with wool uniforms
• Rough Riders took charge after General Shafter
  fell ill and his troops fell apart
• Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed on
  July 3, 1898 and shortly thereafter Santiago
  surrendered.  General Nelson A. Miles met little
  resistance when he took over Puerto Rico. 
• On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice.
• Before the war's end, much of the American army
  was stricken with malaria, typhoid, and yellow
  fever.

12
Americas Course (Curse?) of Empire

• In late 1898, Spanish and American negotiators
  met in Paris to begin heated discussions.  The
  Americans secured Guam and Puerto Rico, but the
  Philippines presented President McKinley with a
  problem  he didn't feel he could give the island
  back to Spanish misrule, and America would be
  turning its back upon responsibilities if it
  simply left the Philippines. 

13

• McKinley finally decided to Christianize and to
  civilize all of the Filipinos.  Disputes broke
  out with the Spanish negotiators over control of
  the Philippines because Manila had been captured
  the day after the war, and the island could not
  be listed among the spoils of the war.  America
  therefore agreed to pay Spain 20 million for the
  Philippines.

14

• The Anti-Imperialistic League sprang up and
  fought the McKinley administration's expansionist
  moves. 

15
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

• Foraker Act of 1900- Congress gave the Puerto
  Ricans a limited degree of popular government
  and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship. 
• Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, the
  Supreme Court declared that the Constitution did
  not extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico. 

16

• The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment
  of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902. 
• The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own
  constitution of 1901 (the Platt Amendment). 
• The constitution decreed that the United States
  might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to
  restore order and to provide mutual protection. 
• The Cubans also promised to sell or lease needed
  coaling or naval stations to the U.S.

17
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres

• Spanish-American War was 113 days long but showed
  that the U.S. was a world power.
• England, France, Russia upgraded diplomats to be
  stationed in U.S.
• American people rejoiced. Sousas music played,
  Mahans book inspired more ships, and War College
  was founded.

18
Little Brown Brothers in the Philippines

• Becoming a imperialistic power, brought headaches
• Philippines becomes the heel of Achilles
• Philippines belong to USA but Japan took it
• Filipinos thought that they would eventually be
  granted freedom, just like Cuba

19

• After the Spanish American War, Filipino's were
  disappointed, rebelled.
• Filipinos lose. Americans build reconcentration
  camps.
• "benevolent assimilation" -very slow and involved
  improving roads, sanitation, and public health. 
• The plan developed economic ties and set a school
  system with English as the 2nd language.  It was
  ill received by the Filipinos who preferred
  liberty over assimilation.

20
Hinging the Open Door in China

• Following China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895,
  Russia and Germany moved into China.  The
  American public, fearing that Chinese markets
  would be monopolized by Europeans, demanded that
  the U.S. Government do something. 

21

• Secretary of State John Hay dispatched to all the
  great powers a communication known as the Open
  Door note.  He urged the powers to announce that
  in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they
  would respect certain Chinese rights and the
  ideal of fair competition.  The note asked all
  those who did not have thieving designs to stand
  up and be counted.  Italy was the only major
  power to accept the Open Door unconditionally and
  Russia was the only major power not to accept it.

22

• In 1900, a super-patriotic group in China known
  as the "Boxers" killed hundreds of foreigners.  A
  multinational rescue force came in and stopped
  the rebellion.
• After the failed rebellion, Secretary Hay
  declared in 1900 that the Open Door would embrace
  the territorial integrity of China as well as its
  commercial integrity

23
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

• McKinely v. Bryan
• McKinely led the country through war, took care
  of the gold standard, and got the nation prime
  real estate (Cuba, Philippine's)
• Bryan was seen as someone who ruined that all
  with his free silver ideas and other ideas

24

• McKinely and Roosevelt v. Bryan
• McKinely wins
• McKinely is murdered, Roosevelt becomes president
• Policy of speak softly and carry a big stick
• Believed that the President should keep things
  moving forward. Didnt like checks and balances

25
Building the Panama Canal

• Vital for trade
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, made with Britain in 1850,
  the U.S. could not gain exclusive control over a
  route for the canal
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which gave the
  U.S. a helping hand to build the canal and rights
  to fortify it.

26

• Columbia stands in the way of building the canal.
• On November 3, 1903, Panamanians, who feared the
  United States would choose the Nicaraguan route
  for the canal, made a successful revolution led
  by Bunau-Varilla. 
• Bunau-Varilla became the Panamanian minister to
  the United States and signed the
  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in Washington. 
• The treaty gave the U.S. control of a 10-mile
  zone around the proposed Panama Canal.

27
TRs Perversion of Monroes Doctrine

• Extends doctrine by adding Roosevelt Corollary.
• Basically tells the rest of the world to back of
  Latin America. US would pay in debt issues of
  Latin America to keep European countries away.

28
Roosevelt on World Stage

• Russo-Japanese War 1904
• Roosevelt acts as referee
• Won Nobel Peace Prize

29
Gentlemens Agreement

• Roosevelt secretly negotiated with the Japanese
  govt to limit the number of Japanese coming into
  the country.
• Whites in California upset-believed that Japanese
  were taking away white jobs.