Napol

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Napoléon Bonaparteby Patrick M. Hanson (Pierre)
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France Before Napoleon

• The French Revolutionary Period
• In 1789 France still controlled by Monarchy
• France was not a poor country but numerous wars
  had put the government in debt.
• All the taxes were on the working poor
• The bourgeoisie and the san culottes
• Glass Ceiling

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Estates General

• Because of their discontent the bourgeoisie and
  san culottes begin to revolt.
• King Louis calls the Estates General (Les
  Etats-Generaux de 1789)
• The Estates General consisted of three parties
• 1st estate- Nobles
• 2nd Estate- Clergy
• 3rd Estate- Bourgeoisie
• The three estates took the Tennis Court Oath

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Flight of the King

• As a result, In 1791 a new constitution is put
  into effect.
• This ends absolutism in France, but was not end
  of monarchy.
• However, San culottes still unhappy
• The flight of the king, in June 1791 the royal
  family fled Paris in disguise. This ends the
  monarchy in France.
• This ends the reign of the Bourbons in France.

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Another Constitution

• France declares war on Austria, Prussia soon
  after becomes involved as well.
• France soon after declares itself a democratic
  republic. King and Marie Antoinette are tried and
  executed.
• While still in war with Prussia and Austria the
  French revolution rises again.
• New constitution of 1793 is created.

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Reign of Terror

• France turns to Maximillion Robespierre
• The Reign of Terror in France. Started with the
  Executions of King Louis XVI and Marie
  Antoinette.
• Ended in the Thermidorian Reaction, where
  several leaders including Robespierre were
  executed.
• France immediately goes back to the Constitution
  of 1791, but called it the Constitution of 1795.
  this meant that the san culottes were once again
  unhappy.
• With France in Turmoil, England takes the
  offensive and begins to invade France.
• This was ended with the Treaty of Amiens.

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Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

• His first real military opportunity came when he
  was just 24, as a captain of artillery at the
  siege of Toulon.
• Was able to seize forts, and eventually was able
  to force British naval forces to retreat.
• Was arrested and jailed for a short time because
  he was the friend of the brother of Robespierre.
• He put down a mob in 1795 with the famous quote
  whiff of grapeshot after being ordered to by a
  member of the Directory, Paul Barras.

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About Napoleon

• Was born in Ajaccio on Corsica, August 15,1769
• Entered military school (École Militaire) in 1784
  at the age of 14.
• When he was an adult he stood at 5 6.
• Also known as The Little Corporal (Le Petit
  Caporal) or The Corsican.
• Despised the disorder of the French Revolution.

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The Art of War

• Napoleon created his own Art of War.
• Never had a set battle plan.
• Never used the same tactic twice.
• Rapid and audacious attacks.
• Surprise and Speed.
• Napoleon wanted to confuse his enemies and make
  them feel unprepared.
• Wanted his enemies demoralized but not killed.

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The Rise

• As a reward for his protection of the Convention,
  the directory rewarded him with command of the
  army of Italy.
• His victories induced the Austrians to conclude
  the Peace of Campoformio.
• With the Austria war over France turned to
  England and Napoleon was at the head of this.

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Egypt

• France knew that England's channel defense was
  unbeatable. So instead Napoleon suggested going
  through Britain's colonies by attacking Egypt.
• This was successful until, after seizing Cairo.
  Napoleon was stopped because Frances fleet was
  beaten by Lord Admiral Horatio Nelson.
• This defeat left Napoleon stranded in Egypt.
• Napoleon however continued to tell France that
  everything was going well.

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Move to the Government

• After 19 months in Egypt Napoleon left his army
  and snuck back to Paris.
• The reason for this was because the Directory was
  weakening and Napoleon wanted to be there when
  France had no leader.
• He participated in the over through of the
  Directory (Coup d'etat).
• He was soon after named the 1st Council of 3
  councils. However he basically dominated the
  government and in 1799 had himself elected 1st
  council for life.

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As 1st Council

• Napoleon first made a compromise with the Pope.
  However he did not give back the churches land
  because this land now belonged to the
  bourgeoisie. This gained their trust.
• Made it so that the clergy in France had to be
  elected by the French people.
• In 1804 the Code Napoleon became Frances first
  uniform code of law and most of those laws still
  exist today.

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Continued

• Napoleon wanted Frances economy strong to
  increase popularity and also to make France
  stronger.
• Put high tax on foreign goods so that Frances
  could compete.
• To prevent inflation he created the Bank of
  France.
• Made jobs available to talent and no money.

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Military

• Realizing that if he were to strengthen his own
  position and rest his war weary country he
  realized he would have to make a safe period of
  peace for France.
• France embarked on a second Italian campaign
  against Austria.
• Defeated Austria and Prussia and made them allies.

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Emperor

• By 1810 Napoleon controlled almost every nation
  in Europe. Napoleon called this the Great Empire.
• He named himself king in Italy
• However, Frances Greatest foe, England, refused
  to even make peace with France.
• In 1805 Napoleon put together a navy consisting
  of a French and Spanish fleet.
• In the battle of Trafalgar the British crushed
  the French- Spanish fleet.

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Continental System

• Napoleon created the Continental system.
• Forbid all nations under his control from doing
  business with England.
• This only hurt the British slightly because of
  their colonies all over the world.
• This was, however, like a punishment to the
  already conquered countries who needed England to
  help their Economies. This created massive
  unemployment, even in France, and some of the
  countries went into a depression.
• The bourgeoisie begin to turn on Napoleon.

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The Spanish Ulcer

• Napoleon gave Spain the duty of keeping Portugal
  from trading with England. Spain did not put a
  big effort forward to keep this from happening.
• Napoleon decided to invade ally Spain and then
  put his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain.
• In 1807 the War of the Knife breaks out. Napoleon
  called this war the Spanish Ulcer.

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The Spanish Ulcer

• With the Spanish in a war with France England
  grasps the opportunity to get into Europe and
  begin to fight with the Spanish.
• Because of Spain's slight success other countries
  become inspired and form a resistance against
  France.
• In 1812 Russia then begins to trade with England
  and Napoleon, while still fighting Spain travel
  east to fight Russia.

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Le Grande Armee de la Russe

• Napoleon took 614,000 men and 200,000 animals to
  Russia.
• Napoleon marches his army to Moscow after little
  resistance. The highlight being the Battle of
  Borodino.
• He finds Moscow empty. The army arrive on
  September 7 and did not leave until October 19.
  However, the army is slow and on the return to
  France the Russian winter sets in and much of the
  army is lost.
• Napoleon arrived back in Paris before his army on
  December 18.

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The Decline

• Napoleon builds another army in Paris.
• He was defeated at the battle of Nations at
  Leipzig in October of 1813.
• He continued to fight until March of 1814 where
  Napoleon abdicated the throne and put his son
  Napoleon II in place.
• Soon after Louis XVIII was put on the throne.
  This was the return of the Bourbon family to the
  throne.

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Exile 1

• Napoleon is exiled away from France to the island
  of Elba.
• However, Napoleon began planning and plotting to
  get France back on top and restore his name.
• Ten months later with the French people once
  again upset with the monarchy, Napoleon began to
  invade.

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The Return of Napoleon

• In February of 1816 Napoleon began sailing from
  Elba to France.
• Napoleon with only 1000 men began marching. The
  French army, discontent with the new king, began
  to follow Napoleon.
• He arrived in Paris unopposed and took the throne
  on March 21.
• Louis XVIII fled the throne.

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The Hundred Days

• With Napoleon being back the countries
  immediately began the war again.
• Napoleon began advancing through Europe winning
  the battle of Ligny.
• However, at the battle of Waterloo Napoleons
  army is soundly defeated on June 18, 1815.
• He returned to Paris defeated and was once again
  abdicated on June 22.

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Exiled for Good

• Napoleon is exiled to the island of St. Helena,
  this after trying to escape to the United States.
• There he spent the rest of his life writing his
  memoirs
• He died of skin cancer on May 15, 1821.

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The Congress of Vienna

• After the battle of Waterloo the European powers
  meet in Vienna, Austria, in an effort to
  reconstruct Europe and also to make peace. This
  meeting was known as the congress of Vienna.
• During these meetings the European powers quickly
  decided that France would not be punished for
  Napoleons actions.
• Through the meetings an alliance between the five
  major powers in Europe was created known as the
  Concert of Europe
• Because of these meeting there would not be a
  major war in Europe for almost 100 years

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Works Cited

• http//www.napoleonbonaparte.nl/html/body_nap_and_
  revolution.html
• http//europeanhistory.about.com/od/bonapartenapol
  eon/a/bionapoleon.htm
• http//www.answers.com/topic/napoleon-bonaparte
• http//www.essortment.com/all/napoleonbonapar_rxda
  .htm