US HISTORY 1865 to PRESENT

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US HISTORY 1865 to PRESENT

• Bobbie Bell

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Reconstruction

• 1863-1877

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Abraham Lincoln

• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863
• Restore Union not reform it
• Radical Republicans sought to reform South
• Wade Davis Bill 1864 more stringent plan for
  reconstruction
• Public Address 1865 first public endorsement of
  suffrage for southern blacks

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Assassination of LincolnApril 14, 1865
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John Wilkes Booth
Edwin Booth
Abraham Lincoln
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General Sherman

• 40 acres and a mule
• Gen. Sherman issued Special Field Order 15 on
  January 16, 1865, setting aside the Sea Islands
  and a 330-mileinland tract of land along the
  southern coast of Charleston for the exclusive
  settlement of Blacks. Each family would receive
  40 acres of land and an army mule to work the
  land, thus "Forty Acres and A Mule."

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40 acres and a mule Productions
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Freedmens Bureau

• Established in 1865
• The Bureau supervised all relief and educational
  activities relating to refugees and freedmen,
  including issuing rations, clothing and medicine.
  The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated
  lands or property in the former Confederate
  States, border states, District of Columbia, and
  Indian Territory.
• In the year that followed the bureau spent
  17,000,000 establishing 4,000 schools, 100
  hospitals and providing homes and food for former
  slaves.

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Andrew Johnson

• Farmer, owned slaves, disliked Southern
  aristocracy
• Racist convictions about inferiority of blacks
• Ignored Lincolns plan for limited black suffrage

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Thirteenth Amendment

• Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
  servitude, except as a punishment for crime
  whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
  shall exist within the United States, or any
  place subject to their jurisdiction.
• Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce
  this article by appropriate legislation.
• Ratified by Mississippi in 1995

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Fourteenth Amendment 1866

• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
  United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
  thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
  the State wherein they reside. No State shall
  make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
  privileges or immunities of citizens of the
  United States nor shall any State deprive any
  person of life, liberty, or property, without due
  process of law nor deny to any person within its
  jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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• Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned
  among the several States according to their
  respective numbers, counting the whole number of
  persons in each State, excluding Indians not
  taxed. But when the right to vote at any election
  for the choice of electors for President and Vice
  President of the United States, Representatives
  in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers
  of a State, or the members of the Legislature
  thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants
  of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
  citizens of the United States, or in any way
  abridged, except for participation in rebellion,
  or other crime, the basis of representation
  therein shall be reduced in the proportion which
  the number of such male citizens shall bear to
  the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
  years of age in such State.

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Equal Rights Association1866

• Susan B. Anthony
• Elizabeth Cady

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Civil Rights Act 1866

• The Civil Rights Act (1866) was passed by
  Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of
  President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that
  all persons born in the United States were now
  citizens, without regard to race, color, or
  previous condition. As citizens they could make
  and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give
  evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease,
  sell, hold, and convey real and personal
  property. Persons who denied these rights to
  former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and
  upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding
  1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year,
  or both. The activities of organizations such as
  the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this
  act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights
  of African Americans.

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Ku Klux Klan

• The first branch of the Ku Klux Klan was
  established in Pulaski, Tennessee, in May, 1866.
  A year later a general organization of local
  Klans was established in Nashville in April,
  1867. Most of the leaders were former members of
  the Confederate Army and the first Grand Wizard
  was Nathan Forrest, an outstanding general during
  the American Civil War. During the next two years
  Klansmen wearing masks, white cardboard hats and
  draped in white sheets, tortured and killed black
  Americans and sympathetic whites. Immigrants, who
  they blamed for the election of Radical
  Republicans, were also targets of their hatred.

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Black Codes
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Circumvent Federal Legislation

• Several state denied gun ownership
• Mississippi made it illegal for blacks to make
  insulting gestures and language
• States denied blacks the right to serve on jury
• Denied voting rights
• Repudiated provisions of 13th 14th Amendment

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Violence Against Blacks
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Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Political crusade to enforce reconstruction
• Violation of the Tenure of Office Act
• Failed by only one vote
• Johnson finished term as a lame duck

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Fifteenth Amendment

• Section 1. The right of citizens of the United
  States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
  the United States or by any State on account of
  race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• Section 2. The Congress shall have power to
  enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

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Republican power in South

• Freedmen
• Yankees (carpetbaggers)
• Yeoman Farmers
• Ignited False fear of black domination of
  politics in the South

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Sharecropping
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Election of 1968
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Ulysses S Grant
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Grants Presidency

• Marred by corruption
• North became weary of protecting black rights
• Slaughterhouse Case in Supreme Court 0f 1873
  weakened black rights
• United States versus Cruickshank 1876 further
  damage black rights

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Happy Birthday America 1876
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Backroom Deal by Hayes

• Compromise of 1877
• Hayes would remove military from South
• South would receive subsidies for rebuilding
• A Revolution but half accomplished
• Reforms of reconstruction fade under white
  supremacy

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