History Modern Europe

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HistoryModern Europe
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Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939)
A civilization which leaves so large a number of
its participants unsatisfied and drives them into
revolt neither has nor deserves the prospect of a
lasting existence.
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  Chronology

• The most important moments in Sigmund Freud's
  life and genesis of his work
• 1856 - 6 May is born (to change his name to
  Sigmund at 22). According to custom, he is also
  given a Jewish name Schlomo. His birthplace is
  Freiberg (nowadays Pribor) in Moravia (the Czech
  Republic).
• 1873 - He receives a summa cum laudae award on
  graduation from secondary school. He is
  congratulated on his style in German. He is
  already able to read in several languages. Under
  his colleague's Heinrich Braun influence, he
  plans to study law but finally decides in favor
  of medical school, after having attended a
  lecture on Goethe's essay On Nature. Start his
  studies at Vienna University.
• 1876 - His first personal research in Trieste, on
  sexual glands of anguilas. Joins Brucke's
  laboratory.
• 1877 - Publishes the result of his anatomical
  research on the central nervous system of a
  specific larva.
• 1881 - A delayed award of a doctor's degree in
  medicine.
• 1884 - Discovers the analgesic properties of
  cocaine. Carl Koller is the one publishing a
  successful study in that respect. Freud himself
  uses cocaine as a tonic but prescribes it to his
  friend Fleischl who was morphine addicted,
  thereby aggravating his situation. He is
  criticized in medical circles.

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• 1885 - Hold a temporary position in a private
  clinic where hypnosis is used. He destroys all
  his documents in April. He is appointed
  Privatdozent, then is awarded a grant for a study
  tour and chooses to go to Paris, to visit Charcot
  at the Salpetriere Hospital. He is able to
  observe the manifestations of hysteria and the
  effects of hypnosis and suggestion here. Charcot
  leaves him with special impression. Freud
  volunteers to translate his lectures.
• 1900 -Interprataion of dreams was released, the
  fundamental work for the whole of psychoanalytic
  theory
• 1902 - professor at University of Vienna
• 1930 -becomes the winner of Goethes Literary
  Prize
• 1939 - suffers from cancer and in severe pain,
  persuaded his doctor and friend Max Schur to help
  him commit suicide

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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907)
No law of nature, however general, has been
established all at once its recognition has
always been preceded by many presentiments.
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• Mendeleev recognized there were undiscovered
  elements.
• By using his periodic table, he could predict the
  chemical properties of the undiscovered elements

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Publications

• March 1869 - Mendeleev presented a paper to the
  Russian Chemical Society entitled On the
  Correlation Between the Properties of the
  Elements and their Atomic Weights
• Not translated from Russian until 1895
• 1869, two German abstracts of the paper were
  published.
• The first contained only the table.
• The second failed to mention the word periodic
  and contained a confusing typographical error
• Mendeleev was recognized as the first scientist
  to publish on the relationship between atomic
  weight and periodic chemical properties.

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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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Best Selling Books on Charles Darwin
1839 Voyage of the Beagle 1851 1854 Living
and Fossil Cirripedia 1859 On the Origin of
Species 1862 On the Various Contrivances by
which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised
by Insects 1865 On the Movements and Habits of
Climbing Plants 1868 The Variation of Animals
and Plants under Domestication 1871 The Descent
of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex 1872
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and
Animals 1875 Insectivorous Plants 1876 The
Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the
Vegetable Kingdom 1877 The Different Forms of
Flowers on Plants of the Same Species 1880 The
Power of Movement in Plants (with son Francis
Darwin) 1881 The Formation of Vegetable Mould,
Through the Action of Worms
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• Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire
• 1817 1818 Attended day-school of Reverend
  Case
• 1818 1825 Attended Shrewsbury School, a
  boarding school run by Dr. Samuel Butler
  (grandfather of the Samuel Butler who wrote
  Erewhon and The Way of All Flesh). He could
  readily walk back home from this school, although
  he was a boarder.
• 1825 1827 Studied medicine (mostly) at
  University of Edinburgh, where his father and
  brother had studied, but discovered medicine was
  not to his liking.
• 1828 1831 Attended and graduated from
  Cambridge University, intending to become a
  clergyman.

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• 1836 1839
• Back in London, Darwin became a well-known
  scientist/ naturalist, more of a geologist than a
  biologist. However, he began several notebooks
  on biology and evolution, having become convinced
  that species were not immutable but changed and
  evolved.
• In 1838 he read Thomas Malthus essay on
  population and conceived the importance of
  natural selection in evolution.
• In 1839 he married his first cousin. Emma
  Wedgwood, and they had 10 children born between
  1841 and 1854

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
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August Comte (1798 1857)

• Comtes goal was to
• Explain the past
• Predict the future

Auguste Comte is mostly known as the creator of
the science of sociology, the foundations of
which he laid in his two main treatises, the
Course in Positive Philosophy (1830-1842) and the
System of Positive Policy (1851-1854).
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Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
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• Fyodor Dostoevsky is renowned as one of the
  worlds greatest novelists and literary
  psychologists.
• Born in Moscow in 1821, the son of a doctor,
  Dostoevsky was educated first at home and then at
  a boarding school.
• When Dostoevsky was a young boy, his father sent
  him to the St. Petersburg Academy of Military
  Engineering, from which he graduated in 1843.
• Dostoevsky had long been interested in writing,
  and he immediately resigned from his position as
  a sub lieutenant to devote his time to his craft.
  
• His first book, Poor Folk (1846), was immediately
  popular with critics.

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• Crime and Punishments popular and critical
  success allowed him to keep ahead, albeit just
  barely, of daunting debts and the burden of
  supporting a number of children left in his care
  after the deaths of his brother and sister.
• In 1867, he married a second time, to Anna
  Grigoryevna Snitkina, who helped him cope with
  his epilepsy, depression, and gambling problems.
• Anna had served as his stenographer for his novel
  The Gambler (1867).

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• After writing Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky
  wrote The Idiot (1868), and perhaps his greatest
  masterwork, The Brothers Karamazov (1880).
• The Brothers Karamazov is Dostoevskys deepest
  and most complex examination of crucial
  philosophical questions of human existence.
• In it, he addresses the conflict between faith
  and doubt, the problem of free will, and the
  question of moral responsibility

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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
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• Principles of Biology (several volumes 1864-1867)
• Textbook used at Oxford
• The Study of Sociology (1873)
• Textbook used at Yale University
• William Graham Sumner taught Spencerism at Yale
• Principles of Psychology (two volumes 1870-1872)
• Textbook used at Harvard University

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• Born April 27, 1820 in Derby, England
• Located in the heart of British industry
• Oldest of nine children, the only to survive
• Taught at home by his father and later his uncle
• Education--heavy in science--very light in Latin,
  Greek, English, and History
• By age 16 he had a good background in mathematics
  and the natural sciences
• Never would become a generally educated
  individual
• 1850 he finished his first book, Social Statics
• Based on the theme in The Proper Sphere of
  Government
• Creed of laissez faire
• His work was in disagreement with Comte in the
  area of intervention. Comte visualized that a
  social priest (with governmental powers) would
  fine tune society so that society would run as
  smoothly as possible.
• Similar to the role of the chairperson of the
  Federal Reserve (in the United States) in fine
  tuning the economy via changing interest rates.

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Leo Tolostoy
-Born into an ancient noble family -Parents die
when Tolstoy is young -Raised by his
aunts -Studies law at the Kazan
University -Writes and publishes his first
fiction Childhood (1852) Boyhood (1854) Youth
(1857
Born August 28 (Sept. 9) 1828 on family estate,
Yasnaya Polyana
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• War and Peace (1863-69)
• Begins to appear in literary magazine Russky
  vestnik in 1865
• Reflects Tolstoys interest in the Russian narod
  (people)
• Graphic descriptions of slaughter on the
  battlefield reflect Tolstoys experience as a
  soldier, amount to a pacifist critique of war

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Anna Karenina, 1873-77

• Family novel centred around an autobiographical
  hero plus a novel about adultery (cf. Flauberts
  Madame Bovary)
• Vehicle for Tolstoy to express his opinion on the
  reforms of the 1860s, agriculture, modernity

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Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
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Émile Zola