MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION
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Questions

• Why do some athletes work so hard?
• What can be done to help athletes practice more?
• Why do children play sports?
• Why do some quit?

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Common Answers

• You either have it or you dont
• You can do anything you put your mind to

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Sports Psychology

• Cant provide definitive answers
• Can present good hypothesis
• If it isnt broke, dont fix it.

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Parts of Motivation

• Sports Activity
• Athlete
• Athletes view of themselves

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Athlete and Environment
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TEOSQ (Duda Nicholls)

• I do my best / I am the best
• I work hard / I score the most
• We learned / We won
• How I played / Whether I won

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Sport Activity

• Playing
• Winning

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Sport Activity

• Winning
• - Ego oriented
• Playing
• - Task-centered

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Which Approach is Better?
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Task oriented only

• Enjoy learning
• Stick with sports better
• Better skills

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Ego - Oriented Only

• Enjoy learning
• Stick with sports better
• Better skills

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Why?
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Attributions for Success
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Reasons for Success

• Motivation / Effort
• Ability
• Deception
• External factors

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Task Oriented

• Motivation / Effort
• Not deception
• Not external factors

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Are athletes naturally task or ego oriented?
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Children

• Are naturally task oriented
• Are changed based on childhood socialization

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Adolescents (12-17)
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Elite Athletes

• Switch back and forth
• Find the right balance
• Practice Task centered
• Competition Task and Ego

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Athlete

• Genetics (r6)
• Need achievement (McClelland
  Atkinson)

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Need Achievement

• Thematic Apperception Test
• Tell a story about a picture

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• You are a softball player. There is one out in
  the last inning and you are the go- ahead run.
  You are trying to steal second base...

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Need Achievement

• Motivation to achieve success
• Motivation to AVOID failure

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High Motivation

• Success gt Failure
• - Even probability of success
• Failure gt Success
• - High probability of success
• - High probability of failure

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View of Self

• Self- efficacy (Bandura)
• Perceived competence
  (Harter)

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Self - Efficacy

• Athletes judgment of capability to perform
  successfully.
• Self confidence

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Per
Confidence
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Per
Confidence
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In the Game

• Self-efficacy determines behavior when
• - proper incentives exist
• - person has skills

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In Practice ...

• Self efficacy determines
• - exercise best
• - persistence
• - not learning the skills

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Build Self Efficacy

• Accomplishments
• More value if
• Difficult tasks
• Done independently
• Early in learning

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Build Self Efficacy

• Persuasion
• Vicarious experiences
• Social comparison (esp.
  inexperienced)
• Modeling (esp. like model)

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Perceived Competence
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What are motives?

• Learn new skills - fun, affiliation
• Excitement
• Fitness

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Who has Motives?

• Players
• Coach
• Parents
• League

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Raise Competence

• Spend time
• Compliment
• Positive affect
• High expectations

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Raise Competence

• More instruction
• Persistence in teaching
• Difficult skills

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Parts of Motivation

• Sport activity
• Athlete
• Athletes view of themselves
• Athlete and environment

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The Environment

• Socialization
• Achievement Goal Orientation
• Internal vs. External Motivation

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Goal Orientation

• How to develop
• Ego orientation
• Task orientation
• Depends on the person

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Ego Orientation

• Emphasize competition
• Emphasize beating opponent
• Create a rivalry

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Ego Orientation

• Attention to star athletes
• Evaluate mistakes harshly
• Dont play all athletes
• Overly reinforce
• Less criticism

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Ego Orientation

• Test valued skills
• Compare with others
• Make feedback public

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Task Orientation

• Emphasize learning
• Emphasize individualized skill mastery
• Challenge to improve technique

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Task Orientation

• Give feedback
• Develop problem solving
• Provide equal role for all