Motivation

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Motivation

• Module 11

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September 11, 2001

• Four passenger planes hijacked by terrorists.
• Deliberately flew 3 of aircraft into US
  buildings.
• Killed 2,998 people.
• What were their motives?

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Motivation

• From Latin word movere move
• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior toward a goal
• Biological, cognitive, clinical explanations
• Why do we do what we do?

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Historic Explanations Instinct(s)

• A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is
  rigidly patterned throughout a species
• William James listed 37 instincts.
• Includes mental ones
• Jealously, curiosity, and cleanliness

• Original psychological explanation of motivation.
• Problems
• Difficulty using instincts to both label and
  explain behaviors
• Theorists came up with more than 10,000
  instincts.

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Historic Explanations Drives

• States of tension that result from internal
  imbalance.
• Prompt an organism to restore the balance,
  typically reducing the drive
• Ex skipping breakfast
• Come 1000am you are starving
• Creates a physiological need for food, leads to
  hunger, a psychological drive.

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Drive-Reduction Theory

• The idea that a physiological need creates an
  aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
  organism to satisfy the need
• Eating and drinking are examples of
  drive-reducing behaviors.

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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction TheoryGet this one!
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Biological Explanations Arousal TheoriesWhat
is the basic idea in
arousal theories of motivation? Is homeostasis
the same as drive reduction?

• Module 11 Motivation

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Biological Explanations Arousal Theories

• Arousal
• Levels of alertness and responsiveness
• Lets look at 3 friends the night before the SAT
• A You know, I dont really care about the test.
  Im going to a trade school, and Im only taking
  the test b/c my parents want me to. Can I have
  some of your fries?
• B I want to do well, but if I screw up on this
  test, its not going to permanently ruin my life.
  Ill give it my best shot. Wheres the
  ketchup?
• C Its all on the line tomorrow. If I dont
  get a good score, it will change my life forever.
  Im so nervous, I cant eat.
• Which one are you? Who will do better on the
  test?

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

• The theory that a degree of psychological arousal
  helps performance, but only up to a certain point
• Optimum level of arousal depends on the
  difficulty of the task.
• Each person has an optimum level of stimulation
  they like to maintain.
• Which friend would perform best according to this
  law?
• Friend B

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

• Basically arousal will increase performance up to
  a point.
• Further arousal impairs performance.
• Optimal arousal changes with difficulty of a
  task.
• Simple task higher arousal higher performance.
• Difficult task lower arousal works best
• How does this relate to stress?

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Biological Explanations Homeostasis

• A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• Ex Movie Bio-dome.
• The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
  such as blood glucose, around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
  being motivated to bring the level back to
  normal.
• What is your homeostasis with body temp?

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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic RegulationGet this one in your
notes please!
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Cognitive Explanations Intrinsic and Extrinsic
MotivationWhy is intrinsic motivation more
beneficial than extrinsic movtivation?

• Module 11 Motivation

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Extrinsic Intrinsic Motivation Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior because of
  promised rewards or threats of punishment
• Examples
• Home, work, school
• Do you study b/c you want an A or because you
  want to learn the material?

• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
  and to be effective
• Do you participate in class for bonus cards or
  b/c you just want to?

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Which is better?

• Intrinsic motivation often results in higher
  achievement.
• Behavior maintained by extrinsic motivation alone
  may not be effectively sustained once the rewards
  are removed.
• Evidence says removal of an extrinsic motivator
  may result in behavior levels even lower than
  before the rewards were given.
• Do you have any experiences that support these
  statements?
• Is everything about rewards and punishment?
• Do we have free will????

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Clinical Explanations Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

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Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslows pyramid of human needs begins at the
  base with physiological needs, and then proceeds
  through safety needs to psychological needs.
• Higher-level needs wont become active until
  lower-level needs have been satisfied.
• Self-Actualization
• According to Maslow, the need to live up to ones
  fullest and unique potential

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsDraw the basics
here!
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Clinical Explanations Achievement

• Henry Murray (1893-1988)
• Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of
  achievement motivation
• Includes a desire for
• Significant accomplishment
• The mastery of things, people, or ideas
• Attaining a high standard

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Clinical Explanations Motivating
Ourselves Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

• Developing Self Motivation
• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

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Motivating Others (cont.)Task and Social
Leadership Leadership

• Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
  organizes work, and focuses attention

• Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
  mediates conflict, and offers support

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Theories on Motivation summary

• Biological
• Arousal Yerkes-Dodson
• Homeostasis
• Cognitive
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Chemical
• Maslows Hierarchy
• Achievement
• Motivating ourselves and others

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A Closer Look the Physiology of Hunger

• Glucose
• Form of sugar which circulates through the body
• One feels hunger when the levels become low.
• Insulin
• Hormone which allows the body to use glucose for
  energy or fat production
• Insulin levels up glucose levels down.

• Leptin
• Protein produced by bloated fat cells
• Send a message to stop eating
• Orexin
• Hunger-triggering hormone
• Produced by the hypothalamus
• As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase
  and person feels hungry

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Hypothalamus set point theory

• Weight thermostat.
• Maintains a set point.
• Damage to this can lead to severe weight gain or
  loss.
• 1.) We have a Basal Metabolic Rate (resting rate
  at which we burn calories for energy).
• 2.) We have a specific number of fat cells (which
  can expand in size and increase in ).
• 3.) We have hormones that work together to keep
  our weight where it is designed to be.

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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

• The bodys resting rate of energy expenditure
• Set Point
• The point at which an individuals weight
  thermostat is supposedly set.
• When the body falls below this weight, increased
  hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may
  act to restore the lost weight.

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Set Point Might be a good idea to get this!
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Environment and Hunger

• External Incentives
• Include the sight, sound, and smell of food
• Cultural Influences on Eating
• Cultural views on obesity can vary
• Culture influences the foods we like and dislike.

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Eating DisordersWhy do people develop
eating disorders?

• Module 11 Motivation

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Anorexia Nervosa

• An eating disorder in which normal weight people
  suffer delusions of being overweight
• Usually in adolescent females
• May put themselves on self-starvation regimens
• May become dangerously underweight

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Bulimia Nervosa

• An eating disorder characterized by episodes of
  overeating
• Usually overeat high calorie foods
• Overeating is followed by vomiting, using
  laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise