Circulatory and Lymph Systems

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Circulatory and Lymph Systems

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Congenital Anomalies

• Coarctation of the Aorta
• Severe narrowing of the aorta
• Causes the left ventricle to suffer an increase
  in workload in order to push the blood through a
  narrow passage way

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Types of Coarctation

• Adult type
• Most common
• Causes hypertension proximal to the coarctation
  and dilation of the aortic arch
• Juvenile type

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Radiographic Findings of Coarctation

• Enlarged ventricle
• Rib notching
• Development of anastomotic vessels that become
  enlarged cause the inferior aspect of the ribs to
  erode becoming notched

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Shunts

• Abnormal openings within the heart that allows
  the systemic circulation to mix with the
  pulmonary circulation
• Causes the lungs to become overloaded with blood

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Types of Shunts or Septal Defects

• Atrial Septal Defect
• Ventricular Septal Defect
• Patent Arterial Duct

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Atrial Septal Defect

• Openings in the septum between the two atria
• The most common congenital abnormality of the
  heart
• Left-to right shunt

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Radiographic Findings of Atrial Septal Defect

• Enlarged right ventricle and right atrium

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Ventricular Septal Defect

• Defect occurs between the two ventricles
• Left to right shunt

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Radiographic Findings of Ventricular Septal Defect

• Enlargement of the left side of the heart

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Patent Arterial Duct

• The arterial Duct in a newborn fails to close
  after birth
• Left to right shunt

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Radiographic Findings of Patent Arterial Duct

• Enlargement of the left heart
• Increased vascular congestion
• The opening must be surgically closed if it does
  not close during the first few weeks of life

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Tetraology of Fallot

• Occurs when four conditions occurs simultaneously
• Pulmonary stenosis
• Ventricular septal defect
• Right ventricle enlargement
• Displacement to the right of the aorta

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Tetraology of Fallot

• Causes blood to be unoxygenated
• Blue Baby Syndrome

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Radiographic Findings

• coeur en sabot
• Causes the apex of the heart to curve upward and
  laterally
• Resembles the curved toe of a wooden shoe
• Causes clubbing of fingers and toes, retardation
  of growth and systolic murmurs

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Inflammatory and Degenerative Processes

• Aneurysm
• Dilation of an artery

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Types of Aneurysms

• Saccular
• Localized out pouching of one side of the vessel
  wall
• Located on the cerebral arteries
• Fusiform
• Dilation of the entire artery
• Distal aorta is the most common location
• Dissecting
• A hemorrhage occurs between the layers of the
  wall of the artery
• Most common in aortic arch

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Arteriosclerotic heart disease

• Also known as cardiovascular disease
• Plaques found in the arteries which causes
  arteries to become either partially or totally
  obstructed
• 1 cause of death in US

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Congestive Heart Failure

• When the hear cannot supply enough blood at a
  sufficient rate to meet the metabolic
  requirements of tissue
• Could be caused by a heart attach, cardiovascular
  disease hypertension, or infection of the heart
  muscle

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Radiographic findings

• Depending on the location of the heart failure,
  the heart may appear enlarged

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Lymph System

• Congenital Anomalies
• Lymphedema
• Hypoplasia nd mal-development of the lymph system
• Results in swelling and grotesque distortions of
  the extremities

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Inflammatory Processes

• Lymphangitis
• Inflammation of the lymph nodes

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Neoplasms

• Lymphomas
• Most common is Hodgkin disease
• Occurs in late adolescence
• Painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes