Human Body Systems

1

• Human Body Systems
• The 11 organ systems of the human body work
  together to maintain homeostasis a stable
  internal environment
• We will study 10 of the 11
• Chapter 32 Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular
  Systems
• Chapter 33 Nervous System
• Chapter 34 Circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory
  Systems
• Chapter 35 Digestive Endocrine Systems
• Chapter 37 The Immune System

T 2
2
A Little Review Levels of Organization in the
Body
T 1

• (smallest) cell, tissue, organ, organ system
  (largest)
• smallest unit of life
• group of cells working together
• Muscle - (most abundant) controls movement of
  materials
• Ex. Body movements makes up muscle groups
• Epithelial - Covers surface of tissue lines
  internal organs
• Ex. Glands
• Connective - holds organs in place binds
  different parts of the body together provides
  support
• Ex. Tendons - connect bone to muscle
• Ex. Ligaments - connect bone to bone
• Nervous - receives messages from the bodys
  external internal environments, analyzes data,
  directs response
• Ex. Burn hand on stove
• group of tissues working together
• group of organs working together

3
A Little More Review Maintaining Homeostasis
T 2

• regulation of an organisms internal
  environment to maintain conditions needed for
  life
• For the body to maintain a stable temp., there
  must be a balance b/w heat production heat loss
• Hypothalamus- Part of brain contains nerve cells
  that monitor temperature
• When you are cold, hypothalamus sends signals to
  muscles to shiver
• When its too hot, you sweat

4
Concept Check
T 1 2

• What are the levels of organization in the human
  body? (small to large)
• What is the process called when humans maintain a
  stable internal environment?

5
32.1 Integumentary System
T 3-a

• Integumentary System a multilayered organ that
  covers protects the body
• Serves as a barrier against infection injury
• helps to regulate body temperature
• removes waste products from the body
• provides protection against UV from the sun
• largest component contains 2 main layers
• Epidermisouter layer Dermis inner layer
• (Accessory Structures Hair Nails)

6
32.2 Skeletal System
T 3-c

• Skeletal System provides a structural framework
  for the body and protects internal organs
• Supports the body, protects internal organs,
  provides for movement, stores mineral reserves,
  provides a site for blood cell formation
• 206 bones in human body!
• Newborn skeleton - composed almost entirely of
  cartilage
• Ossification process when cartilage is replaced
  by bone
• Osteocytes - cells

7
32.3 Muscular System
T 3-b

• Muscular System The 3 major types of muscle
  tissue differ in structure function
• Muscle- controls voluntary movement
• Often attached to bone
• Used to write or type!
• Muscle- controls involuntary movement
• Stomach, blood vessels, intestines
• Muscle- controls contraction of the heart

8
33 Nervous System
T 3-d

• Nervous System Neurons conduct electrical
  impulses that allow cells, tissues, organs to
  detect respond to stimuli which means responds
  to changes in environment.
• A communication system b/w body environment
• are specialized cells that help you gather
  information about your environment, interpret the
  information, and react to it.
• Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and
  pass to cell body
• Cell body where the nucleus other organelles
  are found
• Axon carries the nerve impulse from cell body to
  other neurons
• Synapse the space between neurons

9
2 Divisions of the Nervous System
T 3-d

• Nervous System (CNS)- relays messages
  processes information, analyzes information
• 2 Parts the brain and the spinal cord
• Reflex- a quick, automatic response to a stimulus
  
• Nervous System (PNS)
• 2 Parts sensory and motor
• Sensory- transmits impulse from sense organs to
  CNS
• Ex. Hand on hot stove sends message to CNS
• Motor- transmits impulse from the CNS to
  muscle/gland
• Ex. CNS sends message to pull hand away

10
Sensory Receptors - (Types of neurons)
T 3-d

• 5 Categories
• Pain receptors respond to chemicals released by
  damaged cells
• Thermoreceptors detect variations in temperature
  (skin, body core, hypothalamus)
• Mechanoreceptors sensitive to touch, pressure,
  stretching of muscles, sound, motion
• (skin, skeletal muscles, inner ears)
• Chemoreceptors sensitive to chemicals
• Photoreceptors sensitive to light (eyes)
• 5 Senses Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch

11
Concept Check
T 3-a-c

• How many bones are in the human body?
• What is a newborn skeleton made of?
• What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
• What are 3 main parts of the integumentary
  system? (1 primary part, 2 accessory)

12
34.1 Circulatory System
T 3-e

• Circulatory System transport material throughout
  body
• Transports nutrients
• Delivers O2 from lungs to tissues
• Removes CO2 from tissues to lungs
• Carries hormones from glands to tissues/organs
• Provides protection against infection
• Includes
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Humans have a circulatory system
• Blood

13
The Heart
T 3-e

• 2 Types of Chambers
• Atrium (pl. atria)
• THIN walled upper chambers
• Receives blood FROM body/lungs
• There are 2 in mammals the right left
• Ventricle
• THICK walled lower chambers
• Pumps blood TO rest of body/lungs
• There are 2 in mammals the right left
• Other Heart Parts
• Other Heart Parts
• Septum wall that separates heart into R L
  halves prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor
  (deoxygenated) and oxygen rich blood
• Pericardium protective, fluid filled sac around
  heart
• Valves prevents backflow of blood keeps blood
  flowing in a particular direction
• Ex. Mitral valve Tricuspid valve

14
Blood Flow Through the Heart
T 3-e

• Superior/Inferior Vena Cava ? Right Atrium ?
  Tricuspid Valve ? Right Ventricle ? Pulmonary
  Semi-lunar Valve ? Pulmonary Arteries ?
• Lungs ? Pulmonary Veins ? Left Atrium ? Bicuspid
  Valve ? Left Ventricle ? Aortic Semi-lunar Valve
  ? Aorta ? Body

15
Blood Vessels (humans have a closed circulatory
system)
T 3-e

• transport blood AWAY from the heart
• Very thick (smallest arterioles)
• Able to stretch (elastic)
• Usually contain oxygenated blood
• transport blood TOWARD the heart
• Thinner than arteries (smallest venules)
• Usually contain deoxygenated blood
• where gas/nutrients are EXCHANGED
• Only one cell layer thick
• Smallest

16
Blood
T 3-e

• Humans 4-6 Liters of blood on average
• Plasma- 90 water 10 other solutes
• Cell parts- produced in the bone marrow
• Red Blood Cells
• Most numerous no nuclei ? -Disk shape concave
  sides Carry hemoglobin which transports oxygen
• Live 120 days, die, filtered by spleen liver
• White Blood Cells
• Five different types have nucleus ? -Round shape
• Fight infection or control immunity (attack
  foreign material)
• Live few hours to a few days
• What does a low/high WBC count mean?
• Cell fragments no nuclei ? -Disk shape
  colorless
• Release a protein (fibrin) which seals wounds
  (clots blood)
• Live about 10 days

17
Blood Types
T 3-e

• There are 4 human blood types A, B, AB, O
• Differences are due to the presence or absence of
  proteins called
• Antigens are Proteins found on the membrane of
  RBC
• Two main types A B
• Liquid part of the blood (plasma) contains
  antibodies
• Antibodies are Proteins that act against certain
  antigens
• Two main types anti-A anti-B

18
34.2 Respiratory System
T 3-f

• Respiratory System - b/w cells, blood,
  air in the lungs
• Includes
• Nose
• Pharynx for food and air
• Larynx voice box
• Trachea wind pipe
• Bronchi
• Lungs

19
Breathing
T 3-f

• Breathe in/Inhale Diaphragm (muscle) contracts
  expands the volume of the chest cavity. The
  controls breathing
• Breathe out/Exhale Diaphragm relaxes, pressure
  becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, so air
  rushes out of the lungs
• Puncture wound may allow air to leak into the
  chest cavity make breathing impossible ?

20
34.3 Excretory System
T 3-g

• Excretory System helps control remove
  through 2 main processes
• Filtration material filtered from the blood
• Re-absorption much of the filtered material
  re-enters the blood
• Includes kidneys, skin, lungs
• Kidneys- regulates water content of blood
  removes waste from blood
• Kidneys are considered the organ
• Skin excretes water, salt, and urea in sweat
• Lungs and skin are considered associated organs

21
Concept Check
T 3-e, f

• What 3 things make up the circulatory system?
• What type of blood cells do we have the most of?
• What muscle controls breathing?

22
35.1 Digestive System
T 3-h

• Digestive System each organ of digestive system
  is to help into simpler molecules that can
  be absorbed used by the cells of the body
• Includes mouth (where digestion begins),
  pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
  large intestine.
• Accessory structures
• salivary glands
• pancreas (produce hormones that regulate blood
  sugar produces enzymes)
• liver (produces bile)

23
Process of Digestion
T 3-h

• Mouth- digestion
• Mech. Dig. (teeth) the physical break down of
  food
• Chem. Dig. (saliva) enzymes break down food
  molecules
• Esophagus- food tube, leads to stomach food
  moved by contraction of smooth muscle
  peristalsis
• Stomach
• Chem. Dig. pepsin enzyme that breaks down
  proteins
• Mech. Dig. muscles contract churn producing a
  mixture known as chyme
• Small Intestine- MOST chemical digestion takes
  place (absorbs nutrients)
• Large Intestine- remove water from remaining
  undigested material

24
Concept Check

• Which tube carries both air and food?
• What type of digestion do teeth do?
• What does our excretory system do for us?

25
35.3 The Endocrine System
T 3-i

• Endocrine System a system regulated by hormonal
  feedback mechanisms
• Endocrine glands produce hormones which are
  released into the bloodstream distributed to
  body cells
• a substance that acts on certain target
  cells and tissues to produce a specific response
• Steroid hormones
• Non steroid hormones
• Amino acid hormones

26
Visualizing the Endocrine System
T 3-i
27
37.2 Infectious Disease
T 3-j

• Infectious a disease caused when a pathogen
  is passed from one organism to another,
  disrupting homeostasis in the organisms body
• agent that causes infectious disease
  dispersed by people, other animals, and objects

28
Human Infectious Diseases
T 3-j
29
37.2 The Immune System
T 3-j

• Immune System has two main components
  nonspecific immunity specific immunity
• Nonspecific Immunity not aimed at a specific
  pathogen, helps to disease
• Barriers (skin, chemicals saliva, tears, mucus)
• Responses beyond the barriers
• Cellular Defense
• Interferon
• Inflammatory Response

30
37.2 The Immune System
T 3-j

• Specific Immunity of defense that attacks
  pathogens that get past the nonspecific defense
  mechanisms takes time to develop
• Lymphatic System includes organs and cells that
  filter lymph blood and destroy foreign
  microorganisms the lymph system also absorbs fat
• Lymph the fluid that leaks out of capillaries to
  bathe body cells. This fluid circulates among
  thetissue cells, collected by lymph vessels,
  returned to veins near the heart
• Lymphatic Organs
• Lymphocytes a type of white blood cell that is
  produced in red bone marrow (B/T Cells)

31
Visualizing Specific Immune Responses
T 3-j
32
Concept Check

• Which system is regulated by hormones?
• Nonspecific immunity prevents disease using what
  barriers?
• What general type of cells are involved in our
  specific immunity our second line of defense if
  our non specific immunity fails?