Chapter 12 Foreign Affairs and a Young Nation

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Chapter 12 Foreign Affairs and a Young Nation

• George Washington
• First in War
• First in Peace
• First in the hearts of his
• countrymen
• Set the principals that would guide the United
  States in its future dealings with other nations.

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Young Nation II

• Designed in 1782
• Bald Eagle signifies strength
• and endurance
• arrows of war in one talon
• olive branch for peace in the other
• US actively involved in world affairs risking
  war, or isolationism staying at peace

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Young Nation III

• Washington took office in 1789
• No army
• 1. No money
• 2. American feared that a standing army could
  take away their freedom.

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Young Nation IV

• England to the north in Canada
• Plus England refused to give up the Ohio Valley
  as they were suppose to by the Treaty of Paris
• Spain was in Florida and Louisiana
• France had its own revolution and loped off its
  Kings head in 1789

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Young Nation V

• During the revolution the US agreed to aid and
  support France in time of war
• 1793 France went to war with England
• Instead of going to war Washington announced a
  position of neutrality
• Washington declared upon leaving office
• It is our true policy to steer clear of
  permanent alliances with any portion of the
  foreign world. Isolationism

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New Nation VI

• France hoped Englands refusal to leave the Ohio
  Valley would lead to war between England and the
  USA
• Washington sent John Jay to London to settle
  things with the British.
• Jay Treaty allowed the British to withdraw from
  Ohio
• France viewed this as a betrayal
• 1796 the French navy began attacking American
  ships bound for England.
• Over the next year 316 American ships were seized
  by the French.

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New Nation VII

• XYZ Affair John Adams took over as President in
  1797
• He sent 3 envoys over to France to talk to French
  Foreign Minister Talleyrand
• He wanted a bribe to protect the American ships.
• This affair enraged the citizens of the US

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Young Nation VIII

• President Adams urged for an Army of 10,000 to be
  raised
• Also to build 12 new ships for the Nations Navy
• Congress authorized a half war on the seas
  against the French
• Americans and privateers captured 80 armed
  French vessels

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Young Nation IX

• Adams had to decide about going to war with
  France, or peace.
• 1799 sent a peace party to France.
• By the time the American group reached Paris,
  Napoleon Bonaparte had taken over as leader of
  France.
• He ordered an end to the seizure of American
  ships.

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Young Nation X

• Napoleon agreed to end the 1778 alliance with the
  US.
• The US agreed not to ask France to pay for US
  ships.
• This meant the US would have to pay US ship
  owners for the loss of property.
• Choosing the Olive Branch cost Adams political
  popularity.

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Young Nation XI

• Adams lost the 1800 election to Jefferson
• The Federalist Party lost much of its support
• Adams left office with the US having no permanent
  alliances that might drag it into war.

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Young Nation XII

• By 1803 France was at war again with England.
• Both nations seized US ships
• Thomas Jefferson was President and complained
  that England had become a den of pirates, and
  France has become a den of thieves.

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Young Nation XIII

• England began kidnapping US sailors.
• Impressment peaked in 1807.
• British ship Leopard stopped an American war
  ship, the Chesapeake to look for English
  deserters. The Leopard open fire and killed or
  wounded 21 Americans.
• War fever against England rose.

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Young Nation XIV

• Between 1803 and 1807 the English seized 1,000 US
  ships and France 500
• Jefferson proposed an Embargo, a halt in trade
  with other nations.
• No foreign ships allowed in US ports and no US
  ship could leave unless the were going to other
  US ports.

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New Nation XV

• Proved painful to the US merchants.
• 55,000 seamen lost their jobs.
• Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809
• US ships returned to the seas. French and British
  attacked them.

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Young Nation XVI

• Thomas Jefferson served as President from 1800
  until 1808
• 1809 James Madison became President
• Any one want to say something about James
  Madison?
• Madison offers Britain and France a deal
• You stop attacking American ships and we will
  stop trading with your enemies

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Young Nation XVII

• Napoleon agreed, but gave his navy secret orders
  to continue seizing American ships headed towards
  British ports.
• Madison cut off all trade with the British
• England continued seizing American ships and
  sailors.
• Madison thought about going to war with England

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Young Nation XVIII

• New Englanders opposed going to war
• They knew that meant a blockade of their ports by
  the British
• People in the South and the West favored war.
• They accused the British of stirring up trouble
  with the Native Americans

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Young Nation XIX

• Indians wanted to keep whites out of the west
• Two Shawnee Chiefs, Tecumseh and Prophet tried to
  organize the Indians
• On November 7, 1811 they went to battle at
  Tippecanoe Creek
• William Henry Harrison led the group that
  defeated them
• Oopps. They found British rifles at the battle
  site

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Young Nation XX

• Americans were outraged
• Henry Clay and John C Calhoun led a group called
  the War Hawks calling for war with Britain
• Clay and Calhoun wanted to drive the British out
  of Canada so the US could add Canada to its
  holdings.
• Was a young Nation ready for war?

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Young Nation XXI

• On July 17,1812 the US declared war on England
• Good call for a nation whose army was 7,000
  poorly trained solders and a navy of 16 ships.
• In 1812, 1813 and 1814 the US pushed into Canada
  and were forced out.

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Young Nation XXII

• In 1814 the British invaded Washington DC.
• They burnt the Capitol and the White House.
• Madison fled for his life.
• The British then attacked Baltimore
• They shelled Fort McHenry all night

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Young Nation XXIII

• Francis Scott Key watched the British bombardment
  all night
• He wrote his feelings down in a Poem called the
  Star Spangled Banner Americans turned the
  English back.

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Young Nation XXIV

• September 11, 1814 the US fleet defeated the
  British fleet at the Battle of Lake Champlain.
• Gaining control of the Great Lakes
• News of the defeat weakened the support of the
  war back in Englandagain

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Young Nation XXV

• On January 8, 1815 the British turned their
  attention towards New Orleans
• General Andrew Jackson was in charge of the
  defense.
• 7,000 militia, free African Americans, Indians
  and Pirates.
• 7,500 British troops

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Young Nation XXVI

• Jacksons rag-tag army turned the battle field
  into a sea of blood.
• 2,000 British soldiers were killed, or wounded
• Only 20 Americans were killed, or wounded.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans
  

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Young Nation XXVII

• The US and England signed a peace treaty 2 weeks
  prior to the battle of New Orleans
• Neither side won the War of 1812
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812

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Young Nation XXVIII

• Important results of the War
• 1. Indian resistance weakened due to the death of
  Tecumseh. Remember the name Tecumseh it will pop
  up again.
• 2. US National pride surged. Many felt that the
  US was now truly a sovereign nation.
• 3. Federalist lost power due to opposition to the
  war and William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson
  would become Presidents.

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Young Nation XXIX

• James Monroe became President in 1817.
• America turned its attention away from Europe
  and towards Mexico and South America who were
  revolting against Spain.
• A priest named Miguel Hidalgo inspired the revolt
  in Mexico.
• The revolt started on September 16, 1810 and
  lasted until 1821.

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Young Nation XXX

• Simon Bolivar led the revolt in Venezuela
• Jose de San Martin led the revolt in Argentina
• By 1825 the last Spanish troops were driven out
  of South America
• Some European countries wanted to help Spain
  regain their territories

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Young Nation XXXI

• Britain asked the US to join it in sending a
  message to the other nations telling them to
  leave Latin America alone
• Monroe talked to Jefferson and Monroe about the
  situation.
• Jefferson wrote to Monroe, Our first and
  fundamental principle should be to never entangle
  ourselves in the fights of Europe. Our second
  should be never to never allow Europe to meddle
  with America, North and South.

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Young Nation XXXII

• 1823 Monroe Doctrine
• North and South America are not to be considered
  as subjects for future colonization by any
  European powers
• Monroe Doctrine joins isolationism as the basis
  of US foreign policy.