World War I: The Great War Chapter 11

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World War I The Great War Chapter
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• Focus What is the United States role in world
  affairs at the conclusion of the SPAM war?

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Causes of WWI

• 1.Nationalism
• belief that national interests should be ahead
  of global consideration. Foreign affairs should
  be guided by self interest.

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• 2. Imperialism
• Germans competed with France and Britain for
  colonies
• Colonies added prestige
• Small conflicts arose

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• 3. Militarism
• development of armed forces and their use as a
  tool of diplomacy
• Competition with other countries

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• 4. Alliance System
• treaties of assistance. A commitment to support
  one another

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Alliances

• Triple Entente
• Allies (France, Great Britain, and Russia, later
  Italy US.)
• Triple Alliance
• Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)

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Assassination Leads to War

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Heir to Austrian throne was visiting Sarajevo,
  Bosnia with wife Sophie.
• Bosnia was annexed by Austria-Hungary

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Funeral of Archduke
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• Gavrio Princip
• Shot the Archduke
• Member of the Black Hand
• Group who wanted to unite Serbs under one
  government

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War Begins

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• Russia supports Serbia
• Germany supports Austria-Hungary
• Declare war on Russia, France

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• Great Britain declares war on Germany and
  Austria-Hungary

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Discussion Questions

• 1. How did the formation of Alliances contribute
  to the beginning of World War I?
• 2. What was Archduke Ferdinands role in World
  War I?

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• Focus Who were the Black Hand and what did
  they want?

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Fighting Begins

• Germany invades Belgium on August 4th, 1914
• Used the Schlieffen Plan (wait on Russia, go west
  first)

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• Great Britain and France go to protect. Retreate
  to the Marne River to stop Germans

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Trench Warfare

• Battles were fought inside trenches for yard
  gain.
• Land in-between trenches known as no mans land

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Allied Kitchen
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• Food was mostly canned beef, bread and biscuits.
• Local Vegetables
• Soup and Tea

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Trench Periscope
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Trench Periscope
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Eastern Front

• Russia vs. Germany
• Austria-Hungary vs. Italy
• In Africa Germany vs. Britain

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American Neutrality

• Pacifism Most Americans didnt feel the need to
  get involved. No threat to American lives or
  property.

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• Most sympathized with the Allies, especially
  after Germanys aggression in Belgium.
• Common Ancestory, language and literature

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British Blockade

• Coast of Germany, neutral ports, mined the North
  Sea.
• Blocked weapons and food (750,000 starved)

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• Germans responded with U-boats (submarines)
• sink any British ship

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Lusitania

• May 7, 1915
• British ship Lusitania was sunk
• 128 Americans aboard
• Germans said it had weapons
• Americans avoided the sea

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Neutrality

• President Wilson still remained neutral
• despite numerous sinkings
• Wilson wins the election of 1916. He kept us out
  of war

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Zimmerman Note

• Telegram sent by German foreign minister to
  Mexico
• Intercepted by British
• Said that Germany would help Mexico in a fight
  against the U.S.

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• Germany continues to sink American Ships (4
  unarmed merchant ships, loss of 36 lives)

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U.S. Enters War Over There

• War Resolution Passed in April, 1917
• Reasons
• 1. Ensure Allied repayment
• 2. Prevent Germans from threatening shipping

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Lack of Manpower

• Only about 200,000 men were in service. Many
  outdated weapons.
• Draft - (conscription)
• Requires men to register for service

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Who do you think should be eligible for the draft?

• Males 18-45
• Males and Females 18-45
• Males 18-35
• Males and Females 18-35
• Males and Females 18-25
• Males 18-25

Default MC Any MC All
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Who should be excused?

• Farmers who are needed on the farm.
• Defense plant workers
• Highly skilled defense plant workers
• Single people who are the sole support of their
  family
• People who are married
• People who are married and have young kids
• Married people who are the sole support of the
  family
• Doctors and Dentists
• Doctors and Dentists who are the only ones in
  comm.
• Business owners

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Who should be excused?

• Skilled workers who cant be replaced.
• College Students
• Students studying to be scientists
• Scientists
• Teachers

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Arnold Whipple

• Yes
• No

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John Donnell

• Yes
• No

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Sam Snell

• Yes
• No

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Fred Freiburg

• Yes
• No

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Ray Richardson

• Yes
• No

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Charles Jenkins

• Yes
• No

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Frank Columbo

• Yes
• No

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Amos Sadbury

• Yes
• No

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Charles Duryea

• Yes
• No

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Fred Schmidt

• Yes
• No

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Selective Service Act

• To call men to serve (18-45)
• About 3 million were called (most 21-23)
• 2 million reached Europe
• 13,000 women (non-combat)

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• African Americans segregated
• 369th Infantry saw more continuous duty on the
  front lines than any other American Regiment.

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Convoy System

• U.S. needed to ship supplies
• Protect merchant ships from U-boats with Navy

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John J. Pershing

• Commander of American Expeditionary Force
• Nicknamed Doughboys white belts cleaned with
  clay or dough
• Supposed to be replacements for Allies

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Tide Turns

• June 1918 - Americans fight against Germans at
  Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood.
• July Helped win the Second Battle of the Marne.
• Sept- Saint-Mihiel and Argonne Forest.

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• With the help of the Americans, the Allies began
  to win against Germany
• 48,000 U.S. die in battle
• 62,000 U.S. die of disease

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Alvin York

• First a conscientious objector
• opposed the war for religious reasons
• Became a hero
• Killed 25 Germans, helped capture 132

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Discussion Questions

• 1. Why did the United States elect to remain
  neutral at the beginning of the war?
• 2. What were the reasons that the U.S.
  eventually became involved?

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• Focus What was the convoy system and why was it
  needed?

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Weapons

• Mechanized warfare warfare that relies on
  machines powered by gas and diesel engines.
  (tanks and airplanes)

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• Cannons (Germany Big Bertha)
• Could shoot 75 miles
• Zeppelin - gas filled airship (blimp)
• Dropped bombs

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British Artillery
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Calamity Jane
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More Weapons

• Machine Gun
• Poison Gas (Chlorine, Mustard Gas)
• Mustard Gas Most lethal of all gases. Almost
  Odorless, 12 hours to take effect. Once in the
  soil, remains active for several weeks

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• Tank
• Airplane (with machine guns)
• Observation Balloons

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Canadians
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U.S. Caterpillar Tank
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Poison Gas Drill
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Gas Masks
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Victim of Poison Gas
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Grenade Crossbow
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French Flame Throwers
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Periscope Rifle
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Setting Barbed Wire
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Floating Mine
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Floating Mine Exploding
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German Battleship
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German U14
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Medical Problems

• Trench Foot
• Due to standing in wet trenches without changing
  socks
• Trench Mouth
• Infection of gums and mouth

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Cease Fire (Armistice)

• November 11, 1918
• Germany agrees to a cease fire after some German
  soldiers refused to go on. The mutiny spread.
  They were physically and economically exhausted.

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• 26,000,000 people dead
• Direct economic costs estimated at 350 billion.

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Discussion Questions

• 1. What were the differences in techniques and
  weapons between the SPAM war and WWI?
• 2. What were some of the problems associated
  with life in the trenches?

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• Focus What were two of the most influential
  weapons of World War I. Why did you pick them?

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The War at Home

• Economy
• Many women joined the work force
• African Americans moved to get more money

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• Increase in productivity
• Industry wages went up

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War Industries Board

• Encouraged companies to increase efficiency and
  eliminate waste. Price controls at the wholesale
  level resulted in retail prices soaring to almost
  double.

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Paying for the War

• Spent 33 billion on the War
• raised taxes
• Sold War Bonds

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Advertisements (Propaganda)

• change public opinion using language, name
  calling etc.
• Promoting support of War effort
• save food,buy war bonds and support the draft.

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• Four minute men would deliver speeches to
  encourage support for the war.

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Discrimination in U.S.

• Against immigrants from Germany and
  Austria-Hungary
• People lost jobs
• Would not play Mozart
• Stopped teaching German
• Changed names of food

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Espionage and Sedition Acts

• A person could be fined up to 10,000 dollars
  and/or 20 years in jail for going against the war
  effort. (draft, disloyal)
• Around 6,000 arrests were made. 1,500 convictions

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Social Changes

• Most African Americans backed the war along with
  WEB DuBois
• Great Migration
• large scale movement of thousands of Southern
  Blacks to the North.

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Reasons for Migration

• 1. Escape discrimination
• 2. Find jobs
• 3. Find Prosperity

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Women

• Have mens jobs
• cab/truck driver, bricklayers etc.
• many volunteered with the Red Cross

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Flu Epidemic

• 1918
• One fourth of the population was effected
• Came from France
• 500,000 died

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Wilson Wants Peace

• Fourteen Points
• plan for peace
• called for League of Nations
• place to settle arguments

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Meeting with the Big Four

• U.S., France, Britain, Italy (who wanted land in
  Austria-Hungary)
• The group rejected all the Fourteen Points except
  the League of Nations

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Treaty of Versailles

• 1. End War
• 2. Establish New Nations (Poland, Czech., Yugo.)
• 3. Demilitarize Germany

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• 4. Germany must return land to France and pay
  money to them (reparations)
• 5. Forced Germany to admit guilt (war-guilt
  clause)

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Problems with Treaty

• 1. Humiliated Germany
• 2. Russia was not invited (also lost territory)
• 3. Germany stripped of colonies

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Wilson goes Home

• Congress will not agree to join the League of
  Nations (do not want to be involved)
• Wilson becomes ill

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The War is Over!!

• Germany seeks answers and revenge
• Economic problems lead to the rise of Nazism

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• Russia is mad about being left out of the BIG
  FOUR meeting
• This will lead to WWII

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Discussion Questions

• 1. How did Americans on the home front support
  the war?
• 2. How did the end of WWI contribute to the
  beginning of WWII?