Enlightenment 17151789

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Enlightenment 1715-1789

• Revolution in government

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objectives
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Revolution Spreads

• Are there laws that govern human behavior?
• They applied reason and the scientific method to
  society
• The Scientific Revolution paved the way for the
  Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment (Age of Reason) challenged old
  ideas about society and governments
• Consisted of a handful of philosophers from
  Western Europe
• They were wealthy aristocrats, upper-class men

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Renaissance Reformation Exploration Colonizatio
n
Changes in Government and society by means of war
Enlightenment Scientific Revolution
Absolutism
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The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment began with 2 men Thomas Hobbes
  and John Locke
• Hobbes supported absolute monarchies, men give
  up their rights to a ruler
• They received law and order
• This agreement is called a social contract

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Thomas Hobbes
Life without government is solitary, poor,
brutish and short
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Leviathan Hobbes book
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• Locke believed humans could improve their
  behavior, criticized absolute monarchies
• He felt people had the ability to govern
  themselves
• He believed all men were born free and equal

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John Locke
Our minds at birth are a tabula rasa
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Lockes 3 natural rights

• Life, Liberty and Property (DOI)
• Locke the purpose of govt is to protect these
  rights, can overthrow if violate these rights
  (James II)
• Governments power comes from the consent of the
  people
• This is the beginning of democracy

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Rousseau

• Rousseau-very different from the others, he
  believed man is best in his purest state without
  civilization
• Anarchy?
• Does not believe we can go back
• Wrote Social Contract

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Rousseau
Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains
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Social Contract Theory

• Goes back to the Greeks
• Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau all believed in some
  sort of contract
• Is our constitution in fact a contract?
• Can you explain how they are different

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Human nature
Individual rights
Role of Government
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Europe in the 1700s

• Paris became the cultural and intellectual center
  in Europe
• Salons gatherings hosted by prominent women
• Writers, artists, scientists, musicians attending
  these social gatherings discussed new ideas

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Voltaire

• Voltaire- the most influential philosopher during
  the Enlightenment.
• He believed in freedom of speech and religion
  (1st amendment)

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Voltaire
I may disagree with what you say but, I will
defend to the death your right to say it
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• Montesquieu separation of powers, wrote The
  Spirit of the Laws, 1748
• Adam Smith govt should not interfere with the
  economy, wrote the Wealth of Nations, 1776
• Beccaria wanted an end to torture, analyzed the
  judicial and criminal systems of Europe, 1764
  (which amendment?)

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Montesquieu
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Adam Smith
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Beccaria
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The Enlightenment Spreads

• Denis Diderot wrote the first Encyclopedia,
  collection of Enlightenment ideas, 1751
• The growing upper middle class began to buy
  essays, pamphlets and newspapers
• Salons, the Encyclopedia and printed material
  help to spread Enlightenment thought middle
  class supported it

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The Effects of the Enlightenment
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5 core concepts of the Enlightenment

• 1. Reason
• 2. Nature
• 3. Happiness
• 4. Progress
• 5. Liberty

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3 primary effects on society

• Importance of individuals
• No church no monarchy just me
• More secular outlook
• Open criticism shifted to open disgust by some
• Belief in progress
• With reason a better society could exist

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Effects on art and music

• 1600-1700
• Baroque music
• Uses more complex tones-pipe organ and
  harpsichords
• Art and Architecture
• BIG, Gold, flashy, ornate
• Heavy dark colors

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Rococo

• France 18th century (1700)
• Light, smooth, fun, airy

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Neoclassicism

• Late 18th century (1750 and up)
• It reflected simplicity, order and balance
• Architecture mimicked Greek and Roman
• Music Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart
• Novels became popular in the 18th century ex
  Robinson Crusoe

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Neoclassical Architecture
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Classical Music era 1730-1820

• Piano replaces pipe organ and becomes the
  dominating instrument

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Haydn
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Mozart
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Beethoven
5th symphony
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The Enlightened Monarchy

• Enlightened despots
• Despot means absolute ruler
• Many of these monarchs supported Enlightenment
  thought and reformed their countries
• Did not give up any of their own power

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• Catherine the Great of Russia, ruled 1762-1796,
  she married the grandson of Peter the Great
• Friends with Voltaire
• Tried to reform Russia
• She expanded Russias empire Poland

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Catherine the Great
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• Frederick the Great, ruled Prussia from
  1740-1786, saw himself as a father figure
• Takes a part of Poland
• Ended the use of torture, improved religious
  freedom and education, reduced censorship
• Notice he did not eliminate it

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Frederick the Great
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• Joseph II of Austria, 1780-1790, son of Maria
  Theresa
• Believed in freedom of the press, end to serfdom,
  religious toleration
• Takes a part of Poland
• By 1800 Poland disappears from the map

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Joseph II