The Enlightenment Spreads

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Section 3

• The Enlightenment Spreads

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A World of Ideas

• Intellectual Life in Paris
• Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during
  the 1700s
• City is home to salons gatherings where
  thinkers discuss ideas

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Other Female Salons

• Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen
  salons in Berlin.
• In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered
  around her the reform leaders of
  Poland-Lithuania.
• Middle-class women in London used their salons to
  raise money to publish womens writings.

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A Parisian Salon
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Madame Geoffrins Salon
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The Salonnieres
Madame Geoffrin(1699-1777)
MadameSuzanne Necker(1739-1794)
MademoiselleJulie de Lespinasse(1732-1776)
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Diderots Encyclopedia

• French philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing
  Encyclopedia in 1751
• Set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers
  contribute essays
• Encyclopedia articles anger French government,
  Catholic Church
• Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas
  across Europe

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Diderots Encyclopedia

• It was intended to question everything that
  almost anything could be understood through
  reason
• Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts,
  science
• Its articles attacked religious intolerance,
  political corruption and inequality

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Diderots Encyclopedia

• Reactions to it
• Government and Church saw it as a threat
• Government had it censored and halted production
• The Pope pronounced excommunication on those who
  read or bought it

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Diderots Encyclopédie
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The Encyclopédie

• Complete cycle of knowledge...change the
  general way of thinking.
• 28 volumes.
• Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated.
• First published in 1751.
• 1500 livres a set.

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Pages from Diderots Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderots Encyclopedie
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Pages from Diderots Encyclopedie
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Subscriptions to Diderots Encyclopedie
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Reading During the Enlightenment

• Literacy
• 80 for men 60 for women.
• Books were expensive (one days wages).
• Many readers for each book (20 1)
• novels, plays other literature.
• journals, memoirs, private lives.
• philosophy, history, theology.
• newspapers, political pamphlets.

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An Increase in Reading
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An Increase in Reading
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Must Read Books of the Time
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New Artistic Styles

• Neoclassical Style Emerges
• Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque grand ornate
  design
• Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on
  Greek/Roman themes

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Baroque Music

• Representative Composers
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• George Friedrich Handel

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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

• Representative Works
• Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four
  Seasons) written in 1723.
• 46 operas
• 76 sonatas
• Chamber music
• Sacred music

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Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

• Representative Works
• cantatas
• chorales
• organ works
• lute music
• chamber music
• canons and fugues
• Famous piece Jesu Joy of Mans Desiring

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George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)

• Representative Works
• 42 operas
• 29 oratorios
• 120 cantatas, trios, duets
• numerous arias
• chamber music
• Most famous workMessiah oratorio traditionally
  performed during the Christmas season, including
  Hallelujah Chorus.

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Changes in Music and Literature

• Classical music emerges lighter, more elegant
  than earlier style
• Led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
• Novel emerges works of fiction with detailed
  plots and characters
• Samuel Richards Pamela is considered first true
  English novel
• Focused on family life and everyday problems of
  love, marriage, and morality

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Classical Music

• Representative Composers
• Joseph Haydn
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Ludwig van Beethoven

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Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

• Known as Father of the Symphony and Father of
  the String Quartet
• Representative Works
• 104 Symphonies
• numerous concertos for various instruments
• 15 operas
• other music

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

• Representative works
• 23 operas
• numerous symphonies
• Toy Symphony
• concertos
• Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314
• piano music
• chamber music
• sacred music
• masses

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Representative Works
• Symphonies (5th and 9th probably the most famous)
• Piano music
• Fur Elise
• Vocal music
• Operas
• Choral music

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• Enlightened despots
• Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment values to
  strengthen their rule

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Frederick the Great

• Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education
  and the justice system
• Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture,
  fails to end serfdom

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Joseph II

• Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship
  and the press
• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated
  after his death

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Catherine the Great

• Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796
• Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture,
  but effort fails
• Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more
  power over serfs

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Catherine Expands Russia

• In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully
  expands Russian empire
• Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern
  coast of Black Sea
• Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing Russias
  size

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