Efficient Causation

1
Efficient Causation

• Covariation
• The independent variable (X) and dependent
  variable (Y) are mutually related.
• Presence of X is correlated with presence of Y

2
Efficient Causation

• Covariation
• Temporal Precedence
• Evidence that Y does not occur until after X
  occurs or is set in motion
• Does the presumed cause occur BEFORE the presumed
  effect

3
Efficient Causation

• Covariation
• Temporal Precedence
• Internal Validity
• Rule out competing explanations