Biodiesel from Non-Traditional Feedstocks

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Biodiesel from Non-Traditional Feedstocks
Rafael Hernandez and Todd French Dave C. Swalm
School of Chemical Engineering Mississippi State
University
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What is BioDiesel?

• Bio-based displacement for petroleum that is
  produced by the abiotic chemical processing of
  animal fats and/or plant oils
• BioDiesel is technically a fuel comprised of
  mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids
• Biodiesel generates lower carbon monoxide, sulfur
  oxides, and particulates compared to petroleum
  diesel
• Biodiesel offers a lubricity alternative for
  ultra low sulfur diesel

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Biodiesel Production (gallons)
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Production of Biodiesel
Base or Acid
Methanol
Oil / Fat
Transesterification
Biodiesel
101 Production of Biodiesel Glycerin (w/w)
Biodiesel for use in Diesel Engines
Glycerin
Glycerin By-product
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Biodiesel Feedstocks

• Animal
• Rendering
• Process waste
• Plant
• Soybean
• Rapeseed
• Corn
• Used Cooking Oil
• Grease traps
• Fryer waste
• Microorganisms
• Algae

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Production of Biodiesel in the US

• Total US BD usage is 30 Mgal/yr
• US uses 40 Bgal/yr of Petro-Diesel
• Total oleochemical production capacity
• is 500 Mgal/yr
• Plant construction costs are 0.70 - 0.90/GAP
• Most new BD plants produce 10M/yr
• Amenable to transportation fleet markets
• (municipal and federal facilities)
• Often sold as petro-BD blends (B20 20 BD
• volume/volume)

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Evaluation of BioDiesel Production Costs
Soybean Oil 1.85/gal feedstock cost 0.25/gal
processing cost 0.20/gal transportation
cost 0.10 other cost 2.40/gal total cost
Note Feedstock represent 75 of total
processing costs
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Biodiesel Research Development at MSU DOE
Biodiesel Project
Plant Sciences Biochemistry Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Chemistry Plant Sciences
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Chemical
Engineering
Food Sciences Chemical Engineering Agricultural
Economics Mechanical Engineering
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Cracking of Wastewater Treatment Solids An
Innovative Industrial Feedstock Sewage Plant
Sludges have 25 Lipids Literally Billions of
Pounds Per Year Pose a Significant Disposal
Challenge
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(No Transcript)
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Key Components of Candidate Sludge Feedstocks

• Primary Sludge
• Settled raw sewerage
• Food-based fats and oils
• Some viable microbes
• 40 lipids in dry solids

• Waste Sludge
• Primarily aerobes
• High of cell materials
• Few pathogens
• Dry Solids 30 lipids

• Biosolids
• Primarily anaerobes
• Very few pathogens
• Dewatering polymers added
• Dry Solids 25 lipids
• 15 30 (unique FAs)

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Raw Lipids versus Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge
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Chinese Tallow (Popcorn Tree) Sapium sebiferum
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Potential Oil Seed Yields
-
-
-
Ref Klass, Donald, Biomass for Renewable Energy,
Fuels, and Chemicals, Academic Press, 1998.
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Chinese Tallow Distribution in USA
Ref http//plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.
cgi?symbolTRSE6
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What to do with all of this Glycerol?

• Glycerol Market 2004-2005
• 0.65/lb 2004
• 0.35/lb 2005
• Reason is the Increase in Biodiesel Production
• Biological Conversion
• Ethanol
• MSU
• 1,3-propanediol
• Lactic acid
• New paradigm
• Oil conversion by oleaginous yeast

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Oil Production by Oleaginous Yeast
Biodiesel Glycerol
Solids (yeast extract)
Pretreatment of the feedstock
Cultivation of the Yeast
Cell Harvesting Disruption
Oil Separation
Biodiesel Production
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Envisioned Process The New Biorefineries
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QUESTIONS?